English Cathedrals: Drawings by Dennis Creffield

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Elisabeth Sussman in Florine Stettheimer: Manhattan Fantastica. Exh. cat., Whitney Museum of American Art. New York, 1995, pp. 50, 52, 62, 128, 141, ill. p. 31 (color). Whilst many of the churches no longer function as places of worship, and the surviving glebe houses have either passed to private ownership, or have simply disappeared, an extensive collection of over 9,000 original drawings (plans, elevations, sections, details) documents this ecclesiastical world, providing an important resource for understanding the architectural, liturgical, social and cultural development of the Church of Ireland through the centuries. Jennifer Smith is currently studying for an MPhil in Architecture and Urban Design at the University of Cambridge. The east end is the part of the building which shows the greatest diversity of architectural form. At the eastern end, internally, lies the sanctuary where the altar of the cathedral is located.

By the time that St Peter's was completed, a style of architecture was developed by architects who knew all the rules that had been so carefully recovered, and chose to break them. The effect was a dynamic style of architecture in which the forms seem to take on life of their own, moving, swaying and undulating. The name Baroque means 'mis-shapen pearl'. [ citation needed] The most common theme in the decoration, both external and internal, of any church, is the salvation of humankind by Jesus Christ. The decorative scheme often functions as a Poor Man's Bible, warning the church-goer that, in Biblical terms, the just rewards for his sinful nature is death, and that only through Jesus can forgiveness and redemption be gained. The scheme typically starts outside the church, on the west front, with the portrayal of Christ the Judge above the lintel of the main door. In Romanesque and Gothic buildings, this is usually a sculptural group, and may entail a whole scene of the Last Judgement with details of souls being weighed and rewarded, or dragged down to Hell by demons. In those churches in which painted rather than sculptured decoration prevails, the Last Judgement is often located on the interior of the west end, rather than the exterior. [14] [ full citation needed] [15] [ full citation needed] The cathedral often became a place of worship and burial for wealthy local patrons. These patrons often endowed the cathedrals with money for successive enlargements and building programs.The Drawings Collection was further showcased in a public exhibition entitled A Visual Window to an Ecclesiastical World held in the Irish Architectural Archive during 2019. Further information about the exhibition is available here. A cathedral has a specific ecclesiastical role and administrative purpose as the seat of a bishop. The cathedral ( Latin: ecclesia cathedralis, lit.'church of the cathedra') takes its name from the cathedra, 'seat' of the bishop, known as the episcopal throne. The word cathedral is sometimes mistakenly applied as a generic term for any very large and imposing church.

Lincoln Cathedral, England, has the cliff-like, buttressed east end usual in English Gothic churches Gerald Randall, Church Furnishing and Decoration in England & Wales, 1980, London: B. T. Batsford Ltd., ISBN 0-7134-3382-5; New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, ISBN 0-8419-0602-5 John Loughery. "American Treasures: Whistler, Stettheimer, Scully." Hudson Review 48 (Winter 1996), pp. 652–53, misdates it 1919. Roberta Smith. "Shifting Art Scene Gets Fresh Venues." New York Times (September 11, 1987), p. C23, ill. p. C1 (installation photo).Roberta Smith. "Extreme Artifice Directly From Life (in New York Between the Wars)." New York Times (July 21, 1995), p. C18. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) One of the influences on church architecture was the mausoleum. The mausoleum of a noble Roman was a square or circular domed structure which housed a sarcophagus. Constantine the Great built for his daughter Constantina a mausoleum which has a circular central space surrounded by a lower ambulatory or passageway separated by a colonnade. Ravenna, on the eastern coast of Italy, is home to several vast churches of basilica plan dating from the age of the Emperor Justinian (6th century CE). San Apollinare Nuovo is in plan similar to Santa Maria Maggiore, but the details of the carvings are no longer in the classical Roman style. The capitals are like fat lacy stone cushions. Many of the mosaics are intact. The third group are those churches established as new cathedrals since the Reformation. They include five great medieval abbey churches established as new cathedrals under Henry VIII: Bristol, Chester, Gloucester, Oxford, and Peterborough. Five further large churches later became cathedrals: St Albans and Southwark, which were of monastic foundation, and Manchester, Ripon, and Southwell, which were collegiate churches (and all of which consequently combine the functions of cathedral and parish church). Westminster Abbey was a Benedictine monastery that became a cathedral after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, but only for ten years.

The main focus in Penrose's early years as a surveyor was to improve the Cathedral interior – both how it looked and how it functioned. He removed the Quire screen which once separated the Chancel from the Nave, and redesigned the Quire by installing choir stalls, seats and desks.

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Lara Susan Kuykendall. "'By Popular Demand': The Hero in American Art, c. 1929–1945." PhD diss., University of Kansas, 2011, pp. 19–20, 41, fig. 1-4, dates it 1942–44.