The Panagea Tales Box Set: The Complete Epic Fantasy Series

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Doubrovine, P. V., Steinberger, B. & Torsvik, T. H. A failure to reject: Testing the correlation between large igneous provinces and deep mantle structures with EDF statistics. Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems 17, 1130–1163 (2016). Windley, B. F., Kusky, T. M. & Polat, A. Onset of plate tectonics by the Eoarchean. Precambrian Res. 352, 105980 (2021). Liu, C., Knoll, A. H. & Hazen, R. M. Geochemical and mineralogical evidence that Rodinian assembly was unique. Nat. Commun. 8, 1950 (2017).

Pangaea is only the most recent supercontinent reconstructed from the geologic record. The formation of supercontinents and their breakup appears to have been cyclical through Earth's history. There may have been several others before Pangaea. Zhao, G., Cawood, P. A., Wilde, S. A. & Sun, M. Review of global 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent. Earth Sci. Rev. 59, 125–162 (2002). Liu, X. & Zhong, S. The long-wavelength geoid from three-dimensional spherical models of thermal and thermochemical mantle convection. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 120, 4572–4596 (2015). Paleogeography and paleoceanography of Early Triassic time. The present-day coastlines and tectonic boundaries of the configured continents are shown in the inset at the lower right. (more) In the midst of the First Intifada, a five-year-long Palestinian uprising that began in 1987, the Palestine Liberation Organization proclaimed the new state in the city of Algiers on November 15, 1988.

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Hoffman, P. F., Kaufman, A. J., Halverson, G. P. & Schrag, D. P. A Neoproterozoic snowball Earth. Science 281, 1342–1346 (1998). The Jewish People’s Council declared the foundation of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948 (the same day that the last British forces left Haifa) on the basis of the 1947 UN Partition Plan, which divided the Mandate territories between Jewish and Arab populations.

The breakup of Pangaea had a major impact on the Earth's climate and plant and animal life. For example, the creation of new oceans changed the patterns of global circulation, which led to changes in temperature and precipitation. This caused some plants and animals to go extinct, and it also led to the evolution of new species. Nance, R. Damian; Murphy, J. Brendan (2019). "Supercontinents and the case for Pannotia". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 470 (1): 65–86. Bibcode: 2019GSLSP.470...65N. doi: 10.1144/SP470.5. S2CID 134018369. Tetley, M. G., Williams, S. E., Gurnis, M., Flament, N. & Müller, R. D. Constraining absolute plate motions since the Triassic. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 124, 7231–7258 (2019). Brune, Sascha; Williams, Simon E.; Müller, R. Dietmar (December 2017). "Potential links between continental rifting, CO2 degassing and climate change through time". Nature Geoscience. 10 (12): 941–946. Bibcode: 2017NatGe..10..941B. doi: 10.1038/s41561-017-0003-6. S2CID 135097410.

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In 2016, Duarte and colleagues proposed a theory for what might be going on: the stitches between these plates could be unravelling, and a major rupture may be looming. "It could be a kind of infectious mechanism," he explains. Or like the glass splintering between two small holes in a car windscreen. If so, a subduction zone could be poised to spread out from the Mediterranean along western Africa and perhaps all the way up past Ireland and the UK, bringing volcanoes, mountain-building and earthquakes to these regions.

The climate also influenced where animals lived. During the late Triassic, Reptile-like animals in the family Procolophonidae lived in one region, while mammal relatives, known as cynodonts, lived in another, a 2011 study in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found. Cynodonts inhabited one tropical area of Pangaea, where monsoon-like rains fell twice a year. Up north, procolophonids lived in temperate regions where it only rained once a year. It's likely that the cynodonts needed a water-rich area, which restricted their movements on Pangaea, the researchers said.In the early Phanerozoic eon (541 million years ago to now), almost all of the continents were in the Southern Hemisphere, with Gondwana, the largest continent, spanning from the South Pole to the equator, according to a chapter in the scientific book " Ancient Supercontinents and the Paleogeography of Earth" (Elsevier, 2021). The Northern Hemisphere was largely covered by the Panthalassic Ocean. Another ocean — called Iapetus, after a mythical Greek titan — between the paleo-continents Laurentia, Baltica and Gondwana, began to close during the Ordovician period (485 million to 444 million years ago) and then disappeared during the Silurian period (444 million to 419 million years ago), when Baltica and Avalonia collided with Laurentia to form Laurussia, according to the chapter, " Phanerozoic paleogeography and Pangea." Holmes, A. (1 January 1931). "XVIII. Radioactivity and Earth Movements". Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow. 18 (3): 559–606. doi: 10.1144/transglas.18.3.559. S2CID 122872384. Coal swamps typically form in perpetually wet regions close to the equator. The assembly of Pangaea disrupted the intertropical convergence zone and created an extreme monsoon climate that reduced the deposition of coal to its lowest level in the last 300 million years. During the Permian, coal deposition was largely restricted to the North and South China microcontinents, which were among the few areas of continental crust that had not joined with Pangaea. [45] The extremes of climate in the interior of Pangaea are reflected in bone growth patterns of pareiasaurs and the growth patterns in gymnosperm forests. [46] Early Triassic Lystrosaurus fossil from South Africa

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