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Lingva Franka (Russian Edition)

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Arabic script was adopted by many other languages such as Urdu, Persian, Swahili (changed to Latin in the late 19th century), Turkish (switched to Latin script in 1928), and Somali (changed to Latin in 1972). Arabic became the lingua franca of these regions not simply because of commerce or diplomacy, but also on religious grounds since Arabic is the language of the Qur'an, Islam's holy book, sacred to Muslims. Arabic remains the lingua franca for 23 countries (24 with Palestine), in the Middle East, North Africa, Horn of Africa, in addition to Chad and Eritrea. Despite a few language script conversions from Arabic to Latin as just described, Arabic is the second most widely used alphabetic system in the world after Latin. [7] Arabic script is/has been used in languages including Afrikaans, Azeri, Bosnian, Bengali, Hausa, Kashmiri, Kazakh, Kurdish, Kyrgyz, Malay, Morisco, Pashto, Persian, Punjabi, Sindhi, Somali, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Urdu, Uyghur, and Uzbek. [8]

‘English is often considered the de facto global language

Lingua franca (výslovnost lingva franka) je jakýkoliv jazyk šířeji využívaný nad rámec rodilých mluvčích. Status lingvy franky je de facto obvykle „udělen“ lidmi jazyku, který nejvíce ovlivňuje dobu, ve které žijí. Jakýkoliv jazyk, který se stal lingvou frankou, byl prvotně určen pro mezinárodní obchod, ale časem mohl být přijat také pro kulturní výměnu informací či v diplomacii – např. v Evropě byla po celý raný novověk lingvou frankou diplomacie francouzština. Dnes se za lingua francu považuje především angličtina, francouzština, čínština, španělština, arabština, portugalština, němčina a hindustánština. Various pidgin languages have been used in many locations and times as a common trade speech. They can be based on English, French, Chinese, or indeed any other language. A pidgin is defined by its use as a lingua franca, between populations speaking other mother tongues. When a pidgin becomes a population's first language, then it is called a creole language. [ citation needed] Guinea-Bissau Creole [ edit ] Svahilština ( kiswahili) se používá jako lingua franca ve východní Africe. Především v Tanzanii, Keni a Ugandě. World War II and the expulsion of Germans from many European countries between 1945 and 1950 had a disastrous effect on the use of the German language in Central and Eastern Europe, where it was often suppressed and eventually dropped as a lingua franca by the mid-to-late 20th century being replaced by Russian during the Cold War and nowadays by English. [ citation needed] Italian [ edit ]Pidgin and Lingua Franca are distinct in terms of their origin. Pidgins originate through the interactions of two groups that do not share a common language. Lingua Francas, on the other hand, are mostly already existing developed languages.

Lingua Franca: Difference and Comparison Pidgin vs Lingua Franca: Difference and Comparison

Perština ( fársí) je univerzálním jazykem pro obyvatele Íránu, Afghánistánu a Tádžikistánu. V minulosti sloužila i jako universální jazyk v Turkestánu. The largely interintelligible Manding languages of West Africa serve as lingua francas in various places. For instance Bambara is the most widely spoken language in Mali, and Jula (almost the same as Bambara) is commonly used in western Burkina Faso and northern Côte d'Ivoire; these two varieties are especially closely related and mutually intelligible, whereas other varieties may present more difficulties. Manding languages have long been used in regional commerce, so much so that the word for trader, jula, was applied to the language currently known by the same name. Other varieties of Manding are used in several other countries, such as Guinea, The Gambia, and Senegal. [ citation needed] Mende [ edit ]In the Catholic ecclesiastic hierarchy, Italian is known by a large part of members and is used in substitution of Latin in most official documents as well. The presence of Italian as the official language in Vatican City indicates its use not only in the seat in Rome, but also anywhere in the world where an episcopal seat is present. [ citation needed] The term ‘Lingua Franca’ was first used to describe a pidgin made up of Italian and French, used by people in the eastern Mediterranean region. Who Were the Sogdians, | The Sogdians". sogdians.si.edu. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021 . Retrieved 10 May 2021.

LINGUA FRANCA | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary

Until the early 20th century, Classical Chinese served as both the written lingua franca and the diplomatic language in Far East Asia including China, Korea, Japan (includes Taiwan, Ryūkyū), and Vietnam. [36] In the early 20th century, vernacular written Chinese replaced Classical Chinese within China as both the written and spoken lingua franca for speakers of different Chinese dialects, and because of the declining power and cultural influence of China in East Asia, English has since replaced Classical Chinese as the lingua franca in East Asia. Turkish is still in use and widely spoken in several areas formerly part of the Ottoman Empire and may be understood by older people in other parts of the Balkans. It is still used among the Turks, Kurds, Zazas, Armenians, and more ethnicities in Turkey. [ citation needed] Yiddish [ edit ] Ngambay is an important lingua franca of southwestern Chad, covering areas where Chadian Arabic is not as widespread. It is the most important of the Sara languages and may be used by speakers of other varieties. [ citation needed] Sango [ edit ] Hindustani, or Hindi– Urdu, is commonly spoken in the northern part of India and Pakistan. It encompasses two standardized registers, Hindi and Urdu, as well as several nonstandard dialects. Hindi and Urdu are constitutionally-recognized official languages in India, and Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan. While the two registers differ in formal vocabulary (Hindi drawing from Sanskrit and Urdu drawing from Arabic and Persian) and writing system (Hindi in Devanagari and Urdu in Nastaliq), the spoken language is largely indistinguishable and uses many loan words from English instead of Arabic or Sanskrit. This so-called "bazaar Hindustani" has been popularized through regional consumption of Bollywood films and is widely understood in regions where Hindi and Urdu are not indigenous, such as some parts of Northeast India. [16]German was a lingua franca in large portions of Europe for centuries, mainly the Holy Roman Empire. In Lingua Franca (the specific language), lingua is from the Italian for 'a language'. Franca is related to Greek Φρᾰ́γκοι ( Phránkoi) and Arabic إِفْرَنْجِي ( ʾifranjiyy) as well as the equivalent Italian—in all three cases, the literal sense is ' Frankish', leading to the direct translation: 'language of the Franks'. During the late Byzantine Empire, Franks was a term that applied to all Western Europeans. [16] [17] [18] The overall phrase of lingua franca is also speculated [ by whom?] to originate from lisan al-Faranja ( لسان الفرنجة‎) which also means the 'language of the Franks'. [19]

LINGUA FRANCA in English - Cambridge Dictionary How to pronounce LINGUA FRANCA in English - Cambridge Dictionary

Polish was a lingua franca in areas of Central and Eastern Europe, especially regions that belonged to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Polish was for several centuries the main language spoken by the ruling classes in Lithuania and Ukraine, and the modern state of Belarus. [46] After the Partitions of Poland and the incorporation of most of the Polish areas into the Russian Empire as Congress Poland, the Russian language almost completely supplanted Polish. [ citation needed] Portuguese [ edit ] It is a third language, distinct from the languages of the groups involved. Sometimes, the populations get more proficient in the Lingua Franca that they use, than their native language. Latin through the power of the Roman Republic became the dominant language in Italia and subsequently throughout the realms of Roman Empire. Even after the fall of Western Rome, Latin was the common language of international communication, science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the 18th century, when other regional vernaculars (including its own descendants, the Romance languages) supplanted it in common academic and political usage, and it eventually became a dead language in the modern linguistic definition. Two other lingue franche based on Assamese, Nagamese and Nefamese, still exist today in Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh respectively. [ citation needed] Azerbaijani [ edit ]

Malay is currently used primarily in Malaysia (as Malaysian) and Brunei, and to a lesser extent in Singapore, parts of Sumatra and in the deep south of Thailand. One of Singapore's four official languages, the Malay language or 'Bahasa Melayu' was the lingua franca for Singapore prior to the introduction of English as a working and instructional language, and remains so for the elder generation. [ citation needed] Standard Chinese [ edit ] A letter dated 1266 from Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire to the " King of Japan" (日本國王) was written in Classical Chinese. Now stored in Todai-ji, Nara, Japan. Douglas Harper's Online Etymology Dictionary states that the term Lingua Franca (as the name of the particular language) was first recorded in English during the 1670s, [22] although an even earlier example of the use of it in English is attested from 1632, where it is also referred to as "Bastard Spanish". [23] Usage notes [ edit ] Mezník v uznání dominance angličtiny přišel v roce 1995, kdy, při přístupu Rakouska, Finska a Švédska, se angličtina připojila k francouzštině jako jeden z pracovních jazyků Evropské unie. Také mnoho Evropanů mimo EU přijalo angličtinu jako svou lingvu franku (např. Švýcarsko). [ zdroj?] Francouzština [ editovat | editovat zdroj ] Sanskrit historically served as a lingua franca throughout the majority of India and Greater India. [29] [30] [31] [32] The Sanskrit language's historic presence is attested across a wide geography beyond South Asia. Inscriptions and literary evidence suggests that Sanskrit language was already being adopted in Southeast Asia and Central Asia in the 1st millennium CE, through monks, religious pilgrims and merchants. [33] [34] [35]

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