Ana on the Edge

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Indirect immunofluorescence is one of the most commonly used tests for ANAs. Typically, HEp-2 cells are used as a substrate to detect the antibodies in human serum. Microscope slides are coated with HEp-2 cells and the serum is incubated with the cells. If the said and targeted antibodies are present then they will bind to the antigens on the cells; in the case of ANAs, the antibodies will bind to the nucleus. These can be visualised by adding a fluorescent tagged (usually FITC or rhodopsin B) anti-human antibody that binds to the antibodies. The molecule will fluoresce when a specific wavelength of light shines on it, which can be seen under the microscope. Depending on the antibody present in the human serum and the localisation of the antigen in the cell, distinct patterns of fluorescence will be seen on the HEp-2 cells. [51] [52] Levels of antibodies are analysed by performing dilutions on blood serum. An ANA test is considered positive if fluorescence is seen at a titre of 1:40/1:80. Higher titres are more clinically significant as low positives (≤1:160) are found in up to 20% of healthy individuals, especially the elderly. Only around 5% of the healthy population have ANA titres of 1:160 or higher. [8] [53] HEp-2 [ edit ] Nucleolar staining pattern of ANAs A positive test result together with relevant clinical symptoms suggests the presence of an autoimmune disease and the doctor will then carry out further more specific tests (e.g ENA and dsDNA antibody tests) and consider the clinical history of the patient to assist in making a final diagnosis. Positive ANA results may appear months or years before signs of disease appear, which is a further reason for careful interpretation of all positive ANA results.

Al-Mughales JA (2022). "Anti-Nuclear Antibodies Patterns in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Their Correlation With Other Diagnostic Immunological Parameters". Front Immunol. 13: 850759. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.850759. PMC 8964090. PMID 35359932. Currently, ANA still uses the "Triton blue" livery, but it gives another minor update since 2010: the Japanese flag is moved near the ANA logo above the windows, and the slogan "Inspiration of Japan" is added. NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine: Genetics Home Reference [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; rheumatoid arthritis; \ [updated 2020 Aug 18; cited 2022 Apr 27]; [about 8 screens]. Available from: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/rheumatoid-arthritis ANA's earliest ancestor was Japan Helicopter and Aeroplane Transports Company ( 日本ヘリコプター輸送, Nippon Herikoputā Yusō) (also known as Nippon Helicopter and Aeroplane), an airline company founded on 27 December 1952. [8] Nippon Helicopter was the source of what would later be ANA's International Air Transport Association (IATA) airline code, NH. [9] Boeing 737-200 in ANA's late-1960s–1983 "Mohican Livery" The first NH and ANA logo was inspired by Leonardo da Vinci's aerial screw and was replaced with the current logo in 1982 as a livery logo and in 2012 as a corporate logo.

Kassan, SS; Moutsopoulos, HM (June 2004). "Clinical manifestations and early diagnosis of Sjögren syndrome". Arch Intern Med. 164 (12): 1275–84. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.12.1275. PMID 15226160. Burdt, Mark A.; Hoffman, Robert W.; Deutscher, Susan L.; Wang, Grace S.; Johnson, Jane C.; Sharp, Gordon C. (1 May 1999). "Long-term outcome in mixed connective tissue disease: Longitudinal clinical and serologic findings". Arthritis & Rheumatism. 42 (5): 899–909. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<899::AID-ANR8>3.0.CO;2-L. PMID 10323445. ANA to Unveil the Livery Design for the Second Aircraft with "Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba" | Press Release | ANA Group Corp.'s Information". www.anahd.co.jp . Retrieved 28 August 2022. NH began helicopter services in February 1953. On 15 December 1953, it operated its first cargo flight between Osaka and Tokyo using a de Havilland Dove, JA5008. [8] This was the first scheduled flight flown by a Japanese pilot in postwar Japan. Passenger service on the same route began on 1 February 1954, and was upgraded to a de Havilland Heron in March. [10] In 1955, Douglas DC-3s began flying for NH as well, [8] by which time the airline's route network extended from northern Kyūshū to Sapporo. In December 1957 Nippon Helicopter changed its name to All Nippon Airways Company. [11]

Also in 2004, ANA set up low-cost subsidiary Air Next to operate flights from Fukuoka Airport starting in 2005, and became the majority shareholder in Nakanihon Airline Service (NAL) headquartered in Nagoya Airport. [25] In 2005, ANA renamed NAL to Air Central, and relocated its headquarters to Chūbu Centrair International Airport. [26] On 12 July 2005, ANA reached a deal with NYK to sell its 27.6% share in Nippon Cargo Airlines, a joint venture formed between the two companies in 1987. [27] The sale allowed ANA to focus on developing its own cargo division. In 2006, ANA, Japan Post, Nippon Express, and Mitsui O.S.K. Lines founded ANA & JP Express (AJV), which would operate freighters. ANA is the top shareholder of AJV. It absorbed Air Japan's freighter operations.Camus, Miguel R. (29 January 2019). "Japan's ANA, Philippine Airlines seal investment deal". Philippine Daily Inquirer.

Charles, P. J.; Smeenk, R. J. T.; De Jong, J.; Feldmann, M.; Maini, R. N. (1 November 2000). "Assessment of antibodies to double-stranded DNA induced in rheumatoid arthritis patients following treatment with infliximab, a monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor α: Findings in open-label and randomized placebo-controlled trials". Arthritis & Rheumatism. 43 (11): 2383–2390. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2383::AID-ANR2>3.0.CO;2-D. PMID 11083258. Anti-Scl-70 antibodies are linked to scleroderma. [32] The sensitivity of the antibodies for scleroderma is approximately 34%, but is higher for cases with diffuse cutaneous involvement (40%), and lower for limited cutaneous involvement (10%). The specificity of the antibodies is 98% and 99.6% in other rheumatic diseases and normal individuals, respectively. [8] [33] In addition to scleroderma, these antibodies are found in approximately 5% of individuals with SLE. [34] The antigenic target of anti-Scl-70 antibodies is topoisomerase I. [35] Anti-Jo-1 [ edit ] Corporate Governance". All Nippon Airways, Co. Ltd. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2012.

a b "ANA press release: "ANA to Launch Innovative Services on International Flights" ". All Nippon Airways . Retrieved 10 November 2009. AA2008-5 Aircraft Accident Investigation Report" (PDF). Aircraft and Railway Accidents Investigation Commission. 28 May 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 18 June 2018. Man on jetliner demands release of cult's leader". Houston Chronicle. 21 June 1995. p.A15. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2010. ANA's other ancestor was Far East Airlines ( 極東航空, Kyokutō Kōkū). [12] Although it was founded on 26 December 1952, one day before Nippon Helicopter, it did not begin operations until 20 January 1954, when it began night cargo runs between Osaka and Tokyo, also using a de Havilland Dove. It adopted the DC-3 in early 1957, by which point its route network extended through southern Japan from Tokyo to Kagoshima. [10] Deshpande, S. S. (1996). Enzyme immunoassays: from concept to product development. London: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 978-0-412-05601-7.