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Diamond and graphite provide examples of cleavage. Each is composed solely of a single element, carbon. In diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to four others in a tetrahedral pattern with short covalent bonds. The planes of weakness (cleavage planes) in a diamond are in four directions, following the faces of the octahedron. In graphite, carbon atoms are contained in layers in a hexagonal pattern where the covalent bonds are shorter (and thus even stronger) than those of diamond. However, each layer is connected to the other with a longer and much weaker van der Waals bond. This gives graphite a single direction of cleavage, parallel to the basal pinacoid. So weak is this bond that it is broken with little force, giving graphite a slippery feel as layers shear apart. As a result, graphite makes an excellent dry lubricant. [2] Synthetic single crystals of semiconductor materials are generally sold as thin wafers which are much easier to cleave. Simply pressing a silicon wafer against a soft surface and scratching its edge with a diamond scribe is usually enough to cause cleavage; however, when dicing a wafer to form chips, a procedure of scoring and breaking is often followed for greater control. Elemental semiconductors ( silicon, germanium, and diamond) are diamond cubic, a space group for which octahedral cleavage is observed. This means that some orientations of wafer allow near-perfect rectangles to be cleaved. Most other commercial semiconductors ( GaAs, InSb, etc.) can be made in the related zinc blende structure, with similar cleavage planes. Prismatic cleavage occurs when there are two cleavage planes in a crystal. Spodumene exhibits prismatic cleavage.

Euhedral fluorite crystals are typically cubes, but sometimes they are octahedra like those shown in Figure 3.69 below. Fluorite is the most common example of a mineral that has four perfect cleavages; the cleavage directions are parallel to the octahedral faces. Many fluorite cleavage fragments are perfect octahedra, and many cubic fluorite crystals are missing corners because of the mineral’s cleavage. All fluorite is essentially CaF 2 but color varies due to minor chemical impurities. Purple is the most common color, but the other hues in this figure are quite common too. 3.69 Fluorite Spodumene is well-known for being difficult to cut. Even topaz offers occasional problems to the cutter who isn't aware of its cleavage direction, because it's virtually impossible to polish a gemstone surface that is parallel to a cleavage plane. Spodumene, octagonal Barion-style cut, approximately 13 carats. Photo by ProteusX. Licensed under CC By-SA 3.0. Gemstone Fracture Not even the over-elaborate patterned dress was enough to distract from 'The Notebook' star's mega side-boob moment on the red carpet at the UK premiere of 'Morning Glory' in 2011. Don't be fooled by the innocent dimples and dazzling smile; this girl is not afraid to flash the flesh. However, we think she suits the look with her slender frame and she definitely deserves some credit for managing not to have an embarrassing slip the whole night. And, having had red carpet wardrobe malfunctions in the past, we can't help but applaud her bravery.Dodecahedral cleavage occurs when there are six cleavage planes in a crystal. Sphalerite has dodecahedral cleavage. Under ideal circumstances, a cleavage plane might be virtually smooth and flat on an atomic scale. A break in a gemstone that doesn't occur along cleavage planes is either a fracture or a parting. Gemstone Cleavage The term cleavage in gemology only applies to crystalline materials. For example, since glass is a super-cooled liquid in which the atoms are not arranged in a long-range periodic array, it can have no cleavage because there are no uniform bond layers. Of course, glass can break. However, since it has no crystalline structure, it doesn't have internal cleavage planes. Glass has an amorphous atomic structure. "The Shape of Broken Glass (2)," photo by zeevveez. Licensed under CC By 2.0. Cleavage Grades The vast majority of minerals exhibit cleavage, but the nature of cleavage is highly variable, and some minerals cleave much more easily than others. We use general terms to describe the quality of a cleavage, including: perfect, imperfect, distinct, good, fair, and poor. Although some minerals exhibit no cleavage, many cleave in more than one direction, but the qualities of the different cleavages may not be the same.

From the flatter chests of the 1920s to the overwhelming embrace of full cleavage today, these are the best boobs that have been considered ideal in the last century. Whether it’s a cleavage making “upper breast fullness,” perkiness, or an athletic look, what we consider to be the “best boobs” continues to evolve. While we know taste is subjective, this list of celebrity women with the best breasts have made an impression on the world at large. Just as wood is easier to split with the grain than against it, gemstone cleavage is the tendency of certain crystals to break along definite plane surfaces. If there are planes in a crystal structure with relatively weak atomic bonds, the crystal is more likely to break along those planes. Green fluorite with prominent cleavage. Photo by Eurico Zimbres and Tom Epaminondas. Licensed under CC By-SA 2.0 BR.Octahedral cleavage occurs when there are four cleavage planes in a crystal. Fluorite exhibits perfect octahedral cleavage. Octahedral cleavage is common for semiconductors. Diamond also has octahedral cleavage. Tendency of crystalline materials Green fluorite with prominent cleavage Biotite with basal cleavage

While all single crystals will show some tendency to split along atomic planes in their crystal structure, if the differences between one direction or another are not large enough, the mineral will not display cleavage. Corundum, for example, displays no cleavage.Basal, pinacoidal, or planar cleavage occurs when there is only one cleavage plane. Talc has basal cleavage. Mica (like muscovite or biotite) also has basal cleavage; this is why mica can be peeled into thin sheets. Cubic cleavage occurs when there are three cleavage planes intersecting at 90 degrees. Halite (or salt) has cubic cleavage, and therefore, when halite crystals are broken, they will form more cubes. Best applied each morning for tighter, brighter and more nourished skin, to support an area that's often neglected and prone to damage. newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)

Now, let’s delve deeper into the fascinating world of breast aesthetics, exploring the ever-changing standards of beauty, the icons who have left their indelible mark on this evolution, and the secrets behind achieving the perfect décolletage in today’s world. From ancient Greece to modern Hollywood, join us on a journey through time and culture to discover the stories of the best breasts ever. The Best Breasts Ever Gemstone cleavage is usually described with reference to crystallographic axes and directions and is also graded according to its "perfection," or ease with which the gem can be spilt along the cleavage.

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C leavage, fracture, and parting are three related terms that describe how a mineral crystal may break. The orientation and manner of breaking provide important clues about crystal structure and can be keys to mineral identification. If breaking produces planar and smooth surfaces, oriented in a particular way relative to a crystal’s atomic arrangement, we say that the mineral has cleavage.