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Menon, V. (2003). A Field Guide to Indian Mammals. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley India. ISBN 978-0-14-302998-4. In August 1948, during a visit by an American writer, Chad Walsh, Lewis talked vaguely about completing a children's book he had begun "in the tradition of E. Nesbit". [16] After this conversation, not much happened until the beginning of the next year. Then everything changed. In his essay "It All Began With a Picture", Lewis continues: "At first I had very little idea how the story would go. But then suddenly Aslan came bounding into it. I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time. Apart from that, I don't know where the Lion came from or why he came. But once he was there, he pulled the whole story together, and soon he pulled the six other Narnian stories in after him." [17]

a b Davis, B. W.; Li, G. & Murphy, W. J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 64–76. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036. PMID 20138224. Lion hunting has occurred since ancient times and was often a royal tradition, intended to demonstrate the power of the king over nature. Such hunts took place in a reserved area in front of an audience. The monarch was accompanied by his men and controls were put in place to increase their safety and ease of killing. The earliest surviving record of lion hunting is an ancient Egyptian inscription dated circa 1380 BC that mentions Pharaoh AmenhotepIII killing 102 lions in ten years "with his own arrows". The Assyrian emperor Ashurbanipal had one of his lion hunts depicted on a sequence of Assyrian palace reliefs c. 640 BC, known as the Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal. Lions were also hunted during the Mughal Empire, where Emperor Jahangir is said to have excelled at it. [227] In Ancient Rome, lions were kept by emperors for hunts, gladiator fights and executions. [228] Argant, A. & Brugal, J.-P. (2017). "The cave lion Panthera (Leo) spelaea and its evolution: Panthera spelaea intermedia nov. subspecies". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia. 60 (2): 58–103. doi: 10.3409/azc.60_2.59.

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Several parallels are seen between the White Witch and the immortal white queen, Ayesha, of H. Rider Haggard's She, a novel greatly admired by Lewis. [46] Gruber, Karl (24 October 2022). "Five wild lionesses grow a mane and start acting like males". New Scientist . Retrieved 19 November 2023. The lion was a prominent symbol in ancient Mesopotamia from Sumer up to Assyrian and Babylonian times, where it was strongly associated with kingship. [245] Lions were among the major symbols of the goddess Inanna/ Ishtar. [246] [247] The Lion of Babylon was the foremost symbol of the Babylonian Empire. [248] The Lion of Judah is the biblical emblem of the tribe of Judah and the later Kingdom of Judah. [249] Lions are frequently mentioned in the Bible, notably in the Book of Daniel, in which the eponymous hero refuses to worship King Darius and is forced to sleep in the lions' den where he is miraculously unharmed ( Dan 6). In the Book of Judges, Samson kills a lion as he travels to visit a Philistine woman.( Judg 14). [250] Meena, V.; Jhala, Y.V.; Chellam, R. & Pathak, B. (2011). "Implications of diet composition of Asiatic lions for their conservation". Journal of Zoology. 284 (1): 60–67. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00780.x. P. spelaea, or the cave lion, lived in Eurasia and Beringia during the Late Pleistocene. It became extinct due to climate warming or human expansion latest by 11,900 years ago. [24] Bone fragments excavated in European, North Asian, Canadian and Alaskan caves indicate that it ranged from Europe across Siberia into western Alaska. [25] It likely derived from P. fossilis, [26] and was genetically isolated and highly distinct from the modern lion in Africa and Eurasia. [27] [26] It is depicted in Paleolithic cave paintings, ivory carvings, and clay busts. [28]

Captive lions have been infected with canine distemper virus (CDV) since at least the mid-1970s. [172] CDV is spread by domestic dogs and other carnivores; a 1994 outbreak in Serengeti National Park resulted in many lions developing neurological symptoms such as seizures. During the outbreak, several lions died from pneumonia and encephalitis. [173] Feline immunodeficiency virus and lentivirus also affect captive lions. [174] [175] Communication Head rubbing among pride members is a common social behaviour. Schoe, M.; Sogbohossou, E. A.; Kaandorp, J.; De Iongh, H. (2010). Progress Report—collaring operation Pendjari Lion Project, Benin. The Dutch Zoo Conservation Fund (for funding the project). Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1940). "πάνθηρ". A Greek-English Lexicon (Revised and augmenteded.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Dissanayake, R. & Meegaskumbura, M. (2005). "A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology (Supplement 12): 423–434. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2007.

3. They start off spotty

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids: 59–82. Morell, V. (1995). "Cowardly lions confound cooperation theory". Science. 269 (5228): 1216–1217. Bibcode: 1995Sci...269.1216M. doi: 10.1126/science.7652566. PMID 7652566. S2CID 44676637. One of the most significant themes seen in C. S. Lewis's The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe is the theme of Christianity. [50] Various aspects of characters and events in the novel reflect biblical ideas from Christianity. The lion Aslan is one of the clearest examples, as his death is very similar to that of Jesus Christ. While many readers made this connection, Lewis denied that the themes of Christianity were intentional, saying that his writing began by picturing images of characters, and the rest just came about through the writing process. [51] While Lewis denied intentionally making the story a strictly Christian theological novel, he did admit that it could help young children accept Christianity into their lives when they were older. [52] Almost all male lions in Pendjari National Park are either maneless or have very short manes. [70] Maneless lions have also been reported in Senegal, in Sudan's Dinder National Park and in Tsavo East National Park, Kenya. [71] Castrated lions often have little to no mane because the removal of the gonads inhibits testosterone production. [72] a b c d e Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1975). "Lion Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758)". Wild Cats of the World. New York: Taplinger Publishing. pp.138–179. ISBN 978-0-8008-8324-9.

In chapter one of the American edition, the animals in which Edmund and Susan express interest are snakes and foxes rather than the foxes and rabbits of the British edition. [53] [54] Lions have an array of facial expressions and body postures that serve as visual gestures. [181] A common facial expression is the "grimace face" or flehmen response, which a lion makes when sniffing chemical signals and involves an open mouth with bared teeth, raised muzzle, wrinkled nose, closed eyes and relaxed ears. [182] Lions also use chemical and visual marking; [181] males spray urine [183] and scrape plots of ground and objects within the territory. [181] Wood, J. G. (1865). "Felidæ; or the Cat Tribe". The Illustrated Natural History. Mammalia, Volume 1. London: Routledge. p.129−148. I did not in the least feel that I was getting in more quantity or better quality a pleasure I had already known. It was more as if a cupboard which one had hitherto valued as a place for hanging coats proved one day, when you opened the door, to lead to the garden of the Hesperides... [15] a b c "The lion, the witch and the wardrobe; a story for children" (first edition). Library of Congress Catalog Record.P. l. sinhaleyus was a fossil carnassial excavated in Sri Lanka, which was attributed to a lion. It is thought to have become extinct around 39,000 years ago. [21] King, L. M. & Wallace, S. C. (2014). "Phylogenetics of Panthera, including Panthera atrox, based on craniodental characters". Historical Biology. 26 (6): 827–833. doi: 10.1080/08912963.2013.861462. S2CID 84229141. a b Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Lion". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola[ Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp.83–95. ISBN 978-90-04-08876-4.

A 2012 survey by the University of Worcester determined that it was the second-most common book that UK adults had read as children, after Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. (Adults, perhaps limited to parents, ranked Alice and The Lion fifth and sixth as books the next generation should read, or their children should read during their lifetimes.) [30] Dorsett, Lyle (1995). Mead, Marjorie Lamp (ed.). C. S. Lewis: Letters to Children. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-684-82372-0. [ when?] [ full citation needed] Mukherjee, S.; Goyal, S. P.; Chellam, R. (1994). "Refined techniques for the analysis of Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica scats". Acta Theriologica. 39 (4): 425–430. doi: 10.4098/AT.arch.94-50. E.g., see HarperCollins Staff (January 2022). "The Chronicles of Narnia, 7 Books in 1 Hardcover, By C. S. Lewis, Illustrated by Pauline Baynes, On Sale: [beginning] October 26, 2004". HarperCollins.com . Retrieved 3 January 2022.Lewis, C. S. (2007). The Collected Letters of C.S. Lewis, Volume 3: Narnia, Cambridge, and Joy, 1950 - 1963. Zondervan. p.497. ISBN 978-0-06-081922-4. Hayward, M. W. (2006). "Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena ( Crocuta crocuta) and degree of dietary overlap with the lion ( Panthera leo)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 270 (4): 606–614. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2011. When HarperCollins took over publication of the series in 1994, they began using the original British edition for all subsequent English editions worldwide. [59] The current U.S. edition published by Scholastic has 36,135 words. [60] Adaptations [ edit ] Television [ edit ] In 1998, the Royal Shakespeare Company did an adaptation by Adrian Mitchell, for which the acting edition has been published. [69] The Stratford Festival in Canada mounted a new production of Mitchell's work in June 2016. [70] [71]