Female Masculinity

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Masculinity without men. In Female Masculinity Judith Halberstam takes aim at the protected status of male masculinity and shows that female masculinity has offered a distinct alternative to it for well over two hundred years. Providing the first full-length study on this subject, Halberstam catalogs the diversity of gender expressions among masculine women from nineteenth-century pre-lesbian practices to contemporary drag king performances. Tatchell, Peter (January 1999). "What straight men could learn from gay men - a queer kind of masculinity?". The Scavenger . Retrieved 7 March 2015.

Halberstam, Judith and Ira Livingston, Eds. Posthuman Bodies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-253-32894-2& 0253209706 Walsh, Fintan (2010). Male trouble: masculinity and the performance of crisis. Basingstoke, Hampshire England New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781349368242. Halberstam lectures in the United States and internationally on queer failure, sex and media, subcultures, visual culture, gender variance, popular film and animation. Halberstam is currently working on several projects including a book on fascism and (homo)sexuality. [2] Stibbe, Arran (July 2004). "Health and the social construction of masculinity in " Men's Health" magazine" (PDF). Men and Masculinities. 7 (1): 31–51. doi: 10.1177/1097184X03257441. S2CID 109931551. Butler, Judith (2006) [1990]. Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity. New York London: Routledge.

The crisis has also been attributed to the questioning of male dominance and rights granted to men solely on the basis of sex following the feminist movement. [132] :83–86 British sociologist John MacInnes wrote that "masculinity has always been in one crisis or another", suggesting that the crises arise from the "fundamental incompatibility between the core principle of modernity that all human beings are essentially equal (regardless of their sex) and the core tenet of patriarchy that men are naturally superior to women and thus destined to rule over them". [133] Goffman, Erving. 1963. Stigma: Notes On The Management Of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

The concept of masculinity varies historically and culturally. [18] :1–3 Since what constitutes masculinity has varied by time and place, according to Raewyn Connell, it is more appropriate to discuss "masculinities" than a single overarching concept. [19] :185 Antiquity [ edit ] Odysseus, hero of the Odyssey Scholars have debated the extent to which gender identity and gender-specific behaviors are due to socialization versus biological factors. [4] :29 [41] [42] Social and biological influences are thought to be mutually interacting during development. [4] :29 [3] :218–225 Studies of prenatal androgen exposure have provided some evidence that femininity and masculinity are partly biologically determined. [2] :8–9 [3] :153–154 Other possible biological influences include evolution, genetics, epigenetics, and hormones (both during development and in adulthood). [4] :29–31 [2] :7–13 [3] :153–154 Scholars suggest that innate differences between the sexes are compounded or exaggerated by the influences of social factors. [43] [44] [45] However, others have pointed to the fact that personality differences between the sexes are seen to increase with increased levels of egalitarianism. [46] Social construction of masculinity [ edit ]

References

Kimmel, Michael S.; Lewis, Summer (2004). Mars and Venus, Or, Planet Earth?: Women and Men in a New Millenium [sic]. Kansas State University. OCLC 57227710. Perverse Presentism: The Androgyne, the Tribade, the Female Husband, and Other Pre-Twentieth-Century Genders

Halberstam, Judith (1998), " Lesbian masculinity: even stone butches get the blues", in Halberstam, Judith, ed. (1998). Female masculinity. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 119. ISBN 9780822322436. Lawson, Robert (2013). "The construction of 'tough' masculinity: Negotiation, alignment and rejection". Gender and Language. 7 (3): 369–395. doi: 10.1558/genl.v7i3.369. Halberstam was awarded the Arcus/Places Prize in 2018 from Places Journal for innovative public scholarship on the relationship between gender, sexuality and the built environment. Stearns, Peter N. (1990). Be a man!: males in modern society. New York: Holmes & Meier. ISBN 9780841912816. Simpson, Mark (1994). Male impersonators: men performing masculinity. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 9780415909914.a b Lesch, Elmien; Kelapile, Chandapiwa (December 2016). " "In My Dream She Finds Me…And She Wants Me Just the Way I Am": Fatherhood Experiences of Unmarried Men in South Africa". Men and Masculinities. 19 (5): 503–523. doi: 10.1177/1097184X15601476. ISSN 1097-184X. S2CID 142050341. Hamber, Brandon (December 2007). "Masculinity and transitional justice: an exploratory essay". International Journal of Transitional Justice. 1 (3): 375–390. doi: 10.1093/ijtj/ijm037. S2CID 145584255. Research and insights from Indiana University" (Press release). Indiana University. 26 August 2008 . Retrieved 13 March 2017. Juergensmeyer, Mark (2003). "Why Guys Throw Bombs" (PDF). Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (౩rded.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.198–210. ISBN 978-0-52-024011-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2006. Machismo (exaggerated masculinity) - Encyclopædia Britannica" (onlineed.). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc . Retrieved 6 March 2015.

Manliness" and "Masculine" redirect here. For the book by Harvey Mansfield, see Manliness (book). For other uses, see Masculine (disambiguation).Williamson, P. (29 November 1995). "Their own worst enemy". Nursing Times. 91 (48): 24–27. OCLC 937998604. Alewell, Dorothea (7 October 2013). "Be successful – be male and masculine? On the influence of gender roles on objective career success". Evidence-based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship. 1 (2): 147–168. doi: 10.1108/EBHRM-10-2012-0014. Morioka, Masahiro (September 2013). "A phenomenological study of "Herbivore Men" ". The Review of Life Studies. 4: 1–20. Pdf.