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Determined movement away from the current home range - In other words, if it looks like a migration, it probably is a migration. Migrating insects move with a mission, making persistent progress away from their existing range and toward a new one.
Odermatt J, Frommen JG, Menz MHM. Consistent behavioural differences between migratory and resident hoverflies. Anim Behav. 2017;127:187–95.Hu G, Lu M-H, Reynolds DR, Wang H-K, Chen X, Liu W-C, et al. Long-term seasonal forecasting of a major migrant insect pest: the brown planthopper in the lower Yangtze River valley. J Pestic Sci. 2019;92:417–28. Their mass raids are considered the pinnacle of collective foraging behavior in the animal kingdom. The raids are a coordinated hunting swarm of thousands and, in some species, millions of ants. The ants spontaneously stream out of their nest, moving across the forest floor in columns to hunt for food. The raids are one of the most iconic collective behaviors in the animal kingdom. Scientists have studied their ecology and observed their complex behavior extensively. And while we know how these raids happen, we know nothing of how they evolved. Composition database for Biodiversity" (Version2, BioFoodComp2ed.). FAO. 10 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2015.
Most New World army ants belong to the genera Cheliomyrmex, Neivamyrmex, Nomamyrmex, Labidus, and Eciton. [3] The largest genus is Neivamyrmex, which contains more than 120 species; the most predominant species is Eciton burchellii; its common name "army ant" is considered to be the archetype of the species. Most Old World army ants are divided between the tribes Aenictini and Dorylini. Aenictini contains more than 50 species of army ants in the single genus, Aenictus. However, the Dorylini contain the genus Dorylus, the most aggressive group of driver ants; 70 species are known. [ citation needed] No taxonomic distinction is made between locust and grasshopper species; the basis for the definition is whether a species forms swarms under intermittently suitable conditions. In English, the term "locust" is used for grasshopper species that change morphologically and behaviourally on crowding, forming swarms that develop from bands of immature stages called hoppers. The change is referred to in the technical literature as "density-dependent phenotypic plasticity". Ceccato, Pietro. "Operational Early Warning System Using Spot-Vegetation And Terra-Modis To Predict Desert Locust Outbreaks" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2014 . Retrieved 5 March 2016. Army ants do not build a nest like most other ants. Instead, they build a living nest with their bodies, known as a bivouac. Bivouacs tend to be found in tree trunks or in burrows dug by the ants. The members of the bivouac hold onto each other's legs and so build a sort of ball, which may look unstructured to a layman's eyes, but is actually a well-organized structure. [23] The older female workers are located on the exterior; in the interior are the younger female workers. At the smallest disturbance, soldiers gather on the top surface of the bivouac, ready to defend the nest with powerful mandibles and (in the case of the Aenictinae and Ecitoninae) stingers. Inside the nest, there are numerous passages that have 'chambers' of food, larvae, eggs, and most importantly, the queen. [24] Symbionts [ edit ]
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Schneirla, Theodore Christian (1949). "Army-ant Life and Behavior under Dry-season Conditions. 3, The Course of Reproduction and Colony Behavior" (PDF). Bulletin of the AMNH. 94. hdl: 2246/407. El Hage Abd Salam Shabeeny (1820). An account of Timbuctoo and Housa: Territories in the interior of Africa. pp.222–. ISBN 9781613106907. Antsey, Michael; Rogers, Stephen; Swidbert, R.O.; Burrows, Malcolm; Simpson, S.J. (30 January 2009). "Serotonin mediates behavioral gregarization underlying swarm formation in desert locusts". Science. 323 (5914): 627–630. Bibcode: 2009Sci...323..627A. doi: 10.1126/science.1165939. PMID 19179529. S2CID 5448884. Thomas, M. C. The American grasshopper, Schistocerca americana americana (Drury) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). [ permanent dead link] Entomology Circular No. 342. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. May 1991.
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