Sitting in Judgment: The Working Lives of Judges

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Driskell, J.E. Effectiveness of Deception Detection Training: A Meta-Analysis. Psychol. Crime Law 2012, 18, 713–731. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Faul, F.; Erdfelder, E.; Lang, A.-G.; Buchner, A. G* Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 2007, 39, 175–191. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Levine, T.R.; Serota, K.B.; Shulman, H.; Clare, D.D.; Park, H.S.; Shaw, A.S.; Shim, J.C.; Lee, J.H. Sender Demeanor: Individual Differences in Sender Believability Have a Powerful Impact on Deception Detection Judgments. Hum. Commun. Res. 2011, 37, 377–403. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] An important extension of the current paradigm would be to incorporate more interactive designs, as many veracity judgments in forensic settings are done on the basis of face-to-face interactions [ 81]. In an optimistic prediction, the open posture effect may foster an affiliation between the sender and the judge [ 82], leading to similar embodied states (i.e., exchanging information accurately, especially for truth-tellers), activating similar cognitive and affective processes [ 83], enhancing empathy and rapport [ 84], and improving communication. Of note, the posture effects can be bidirectional, influencing both the adopter and the observer, which may produce additional effects of interest, such as increased impression management by liars or less critical appraisals by judges, as proposed by the Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT) framework [ 85].

Levine, T.R. MSU Trivia Game Interviews; Michigan State University: East Lansing, MI, USA, 2007. [ Google Scholar] Alexius is accused of attempting to assassinate the Inquisitor, along with attempted enslavement and apostasy. This judgment will become available if you take Alexius into custody at Redcliffe Castle during the quest ‘In Hushed Whispers.’ Judgment Options Ekman, P. Microexpression Training Tool, Subtle Expression Training Tool; A Human Face: Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 2002. [ Google Scholar] While she can be recruited as an agent for the Inquisition, she will not appear in the Inquisition perk list. Judgment Options

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When I was a child, my parents would take me to the planetarium, and we would sit in the dark and it was as if I was on a spaceship, on my way to another world, to meet people on other planets. Turned herself in after Here Lies the Abyss. Asked to be judged for her crime of murder, (abetting in a blood sacrifice). Over two experiments, we investigated a novel effect of adopting different postures on judges’ perceptions and judgments of liars and truth-tellers. The data find that the posture adopted by a judge impacted their ability to discriminate truthful and deceptive statements (Study 1) and their gazing behavior (Study 2) without affecting response bias or confidence. Green, D.; Swets, J. Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics; John Wiley and Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1966; ISBN 0-932146-23-6. [ Google Scholar] While Crassius can be recruited as an agent for the Inquisition, he will not appear in the Inquisition perk list. Judgment Options

People are poor at detecting if others are lying or telling the truth, usually being only slightly better than predicted by chance [ 1, 2]. They are also overconfident in their judgments [ 3] and tend to assume most statements people make are honest, commonly referred to as the truth bias [ 4]. The majority of past research attempting to improve deception detection accuracy has focused either on differences between judges (e.g., experience or training; [ 5, 6]) or between senders (e.g., demeanor or physical characteristics; [ 7, 8]). Here, we raise the possibility that simply changing the judge’s body posture might affect their ability to perceive and interpret behavioral information from a sender. I felt that it's somewhat detrimental to have a manager who holds hiring and firing power to be sitting there in judgement of people's rating decisions.Vuilleumier, P.; Armony, J.L.; Driver, J.; Dolan, R.J. Effects of Attention and Emotion on Face Processing in the Human Brain: An Event-Related FMRI Study. Neuron 2001, 30, 829–841. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Beattie, G.; Shovelton, H. Mapping the Range of Information Contained in the Iconic Hand Gestures That Accompany Spontaneous Speech. J. Lang. Soc. Psychol. 1999, 18, 438–462. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Machotka, P. Body Movement as Communication. Dialogues Behav. Sci. Res. 1965, 2, 33–66. [ Google Scholar]

Considering the exploratory nature of the current research, a few limitations must be highlighted. First, contrasting the assumed effect sizes of interest for the posture manipulation, the results indicate that although a moderate effect of posture may exist (as suggested by the mini-meta-analysis) it is also highly variable (i.e., the margin of error is 0.38). This variability may explain the difference between the two studies and suggest that replication attempts must consider a smaller real-world effect [ 78], requiring a larger sample size (and statistical power) to adequately investigate. Postures are representative of gross affect [ 11], reflecting dimensions such as friendliness and unfriendliness [ 12]. Body postures can affect how one perceives, reacts to, and interprets information [ 9]. Adopting specific postures can influence the likelihood that certain thoughts occur [ 10] and serve as a cue for how individuals view themselves and external stimuli [ 13, 14, 15, 16]. Lakin, J.L.; Jefferis, V.E.; Cheng, C.M.; Chartrand, T.L. The Chameleon Effect as Social Glue: Evidence for the Evolutionary Significance of Nonconscious Mimicry. J. Nonverbal. Behav. 2003, 27, 145–162. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] For the effect of posture on microexpression recognition, the METT scores (%) were to be analyzed using a one-way, between-subjects ANCOVA, with Posture (Open or Closed) as the between-subjects factor and trait Empathy as the covariate. The relationship between deception detection accuracy (overall, lies, and truth) and facial expression recognition are assessed using non-parametric (Spearman’s rho) correlations.

A repeated-measures ANCOVA was conducted on Posture (Open or Closed) and Stakes (High and Low) while controlling for individual differences in empathy. A marginal main effect of stakes was observed ( F(1, 29) = 4.04, p = 0.053, η P 2 = 0.119) suggesting that the High-Stakes videos ( M = 0.61, SD = 0.16) were easier to classify than the Low-stakes videos ( M = 0.51, SD = 0.21). While judges in the Open posture ( M = 0.59, SD = 0.15) had higher accuracy than judges in the Closed posture ( M = 0.55, SD = 0.11), the difference was not statistically significant ( F< 1, p = 0.335). The Stakes X Posture interaction, while also in the predicted direction—the difference between the Open and Closed posture on accuracy being more pronounced for the High-Stakes videos ( M diff = 5.15%) than the Low-Stakes videos ( M diff = 3.60%)—was not statistically significant ( F< 1, p = 0.948). Empathy was not found to affect the results ( Fs < 1, p = 0.644).

Veenstra, L.; Schneider, I.K.; Koole, S.L. Embodied Mood Regulation: The Impact of Body Posture on Mood Recovery, Negative Thoughts, and Mood-Congruent Recall. Cogn. Emot. 2017, 31, 1361–1376. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] During each instance of this quest, a prisoner is brought before the Inquisitor and their charges are read by Josephine—the Inquisition’s ambassador and chief diplomat. They then have a chance to respond before the power is given to you to decide their fate. Punishments include things like exile, execution, further imprisonment, and more (depending on the convict in question). Price, T.F.; Harmon-Jones, E. The Effect of Embodied Emotive States on Cognitive Categorization. Emotion 2010, 10, 934–938. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]

judgment

When judging the veracity of others, people tend to rely on nonverbal behavior to help make their decisions [ 31, 32]. Several prevalent cross-cultural beliefs exist about cues to detecting deceit, such as liars self-touch, avert their gaze, and fidget more than truth-tellers [ 32]. Regardless of their diagnostic value (which is usually quite poor; [ 33, 34]), people’s beliefs regarding such nonverbal behaviors are strong [ 32]. It cannot be left to the judgement of the persons involved, since they could request the inclusion of material which might favour them to the detriment of others. Note: Though this decision states "Agent Acquired", he does not appear in the Inquisition perk list Bartholow, B.D.; Sestir, M.A.; Davis, E.B. Correlates and Consequences of Exposure to Video Game Violence: Hostile Personality, Empathy, and Aggressive Behavior. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 2005, 31, 1573–1586. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]