Opium for Women by Yves Saint Laurent Eau de Toilette Spray 50ml

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As the power of the Roman Empire declined, the lands to the south and east of the Mediterranean Sea became incorporated into the Islamic Empires. Some Muslims believe hadiths, such as in Sahih Bukhari, prohibits every intoxicating substance, though the use of intoxicants in medicine has been widely permitted by scholars. [16] Dioscorides' five-volume De Materia Medica, the precursor of pharmacopoeias, remained in use (which was edited and improved in the Arabic versions [17]) from the 1st to 16th centuries, and described opium and the wide range of its uses prevalent in the ancient world. [18] Max Chamka; Translated by Geraldine Ring. "3 grams of opium for 1 dollar". Caucaz europenews . Retrieved May 6, 2007. Eventually, laudanum became readily available and extensively used by the 18th century in Europe, especially England. [33] Compared to other chemicals available to 18th century regular physicians, opium was a benign alternative to arsenic, mercury, or emetics, and it was remarkably successful in alleviating a wide range of ailments. Due to the constipation often produced by the consumption of opium, it was one of the most effective treatments for cholera, dysentery, and diarrhea. As a cough suppressant, opium was used to treat bronchitis, tuberculosis, and other respiratory illnesses. Opium was additionally prescribed for rheumatism and insomnia. [34] Medical textbooks even recommended its use by people in good health, to "optimize the internal equilibrium of the human body". [19] Chandra, Siddharth (2008). "Economic Histories of the Opium Trade". Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Recreational use of opium was part of a civilized and mannered ritual, akin to an East Asian tea ceremony, prior to the extensive prohibitions that came later. [44] In places of gathering, often tea shops, or a person's home servings of opium were offered as a form of greeting and politeness. Often served with tea (in China) and with specific and fine utensils and beautifully carved wooden pipes. The wealthier the smoker, the finer and more expensive material used in ceremony. [44] The image of seedy underground, destitute smokers were often generated by anti-opium narratives and became a more accurate image of opium use following the effects of large scale opium prohibition in the 1880s. [44] Prohibitions in China [ edit ]

Opium was for many centuries the principal painkiller known to medicine and was used in various forms and under various names. Laudanum, for example, was an alcoholic tincture (dilute solution) of opium that was used in European medical practice as an analgesic and sedative. Physicians relied on paregoric, a camphorated solution of opium, to treat diarrhea by relaxing the gastrointestinal tract. The narcotic effects of opium are mainly attributable to morphine, which was first isolated about 1804. In 1898 it was discovered that treating morphine with acetic anhydride yields heroin, which is four to eight times as potent as morphine in both its pain-killing properties and its addictive potential. The other alkaloids naturally present in opium are much weaker; codeine, for example, is only one-sixth as potent as morphine and is used mainly for cough relief. Since the late 1930s, various synthetic drugs have been developed that possess the analgesic properties of morphine and heroin. These drugs, which include meperidine (Demerol), methadone, levorphonal, and many others, are known as synthetic opioids. They have largely replaced morphine and heroin in the treatment of severe pain. Opium is an Oriental-spicy [1] perfume created for fashion brand Yves Saint Laurent (YSL) by perfumer Jean Amic and Jean-Louis Sieuzac of Roure, first marketed in 1977. [2] Its top notes are a mixture of fruit and spices, with mandarin orange, [3] plum, clove, coriander and pepper, [2] as well as bay leaf. [4] Its floral middle notes consist predominantly jasmine, rose and Lily of the Valley, [2] in addition to carnation, cinnamon, peach and orris root. [4] It is underlined by the sweet woody base note containing sandalwood, cedarwood, myrrh, opopanax, labdanum, benzoin and castoreum, [2] in addition to amber, incense, musk, patchouli, tolu and vetiver. [4] Naming and theme [ edit ] Merwin, Samuel (1907). Drugging a nation, the story of China and the opium curse; a personal investigation, during an extended tour, of the present conditions of the opium trade in China and its effects upon the nation. New York, Chicago [etc.]: F. H. Revell company. PAPADAKI, P. G. KRITIKOS, S. P. "The history of the poppy and of opium and their expansion in antiquity in the eastern Mediterranean area". Unodc.org. UNODC- Bulletin on Narcotics – 1967 Issue 4 – 002 . Retrieved May 31, 2022. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) Opium, Lilac Perfume Oil and White Musk from The Body Shop, Juniper Breeze from Bath & Body Works and Royal Secret formerly Germaine Monteil were among the perfumes tested in 2003 in a study of the relationship of scents to memory. [9] Ad campaign controversy [ edit ]

YSL Black Opium Eau de Parfum

The standard medical use of opium persisted well into the 19th century. US president William Henry Harrison was treated with opium in 1841, and in the American Civil War, the Union Army used 175,000lb (80,000kg) of opium tincture and powder and about 500,000 opium pills. [1] During this time of popularity, users called opium "God's Own Medicine". [36] Lomax, Elizabeth (1973). "The Uses and Abuses Of Opiates In Nineteenth-Century England". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 47 (2): 167–176. ISSN 0007-5140. JSTOR 44447528. PMID 4584236 . Retrieved May 31, 2022.

Albert D. Fraser & David Worth (October 1999). "Experience with a Urine Opiate Screening and Confirmation Cutoff of 2000 mg/ml". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 23 (6): 549–551. doi: 10.1093/jat/23.6.549. PMID 10517566. The Greek gods Hypnos (Sleep), Nyx (Night), and Thanatos (Death) were depicted wreathed in poppies or holding them. Poppies also frequently adorned statues of Apollo, Asclepius, Pluto, Demeter, Aphrodite, Kybele and Isis, symbolizing nocturnal oblivion. [1] Islamic societies (500–1500 CE) [ edit ] Opium users in Java during the Dutch colonial period, c. 1870 Petr Parfenovich Vladimirov (1975). The Vladimirov diaries: Yenan, China, 1942–1945. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-00928-7. Afghan opium poppy cultivation plunges by 95 percent under Taliban: UN". Al Jazeera . Retrieved November 7, 2023.

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Ms Louise Foxcroft (June 28, 2013). The Making of Addiction: The 'Use and Abuse' of Opium in Nineteenth-Century Britain. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp.66–. ISBN 978-1-4094-7984-0.