Order in Space: A Design Source Book

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Hall, Shannon (20 July 2017). "Earth's Tectonic Activity May Be Crucial for Life—and Rare in Our Galaxy". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022 . Retrieved 12 May 2022. Weissman, Paul Robert; Johnson, Torrence V. (2007). Encyclopedia of the solar system. Academic Press. p. 615. ISBN 978-0-12-088589-3. Short-period comets have orbits lasting less than two hundred years. Long-period comets have orbits lasting thousands of years. Short-period comets are thought to originate in the Kuiper belt, whereas long-period comets, such as Hale–Bopp, are thought to originate in the Oort cloud. Many comet groups, such as the Kreutz sungrazers, formed from the breakup of a single parent. [152] Some comets with hyperbolic orbits may originate outside the Solar System, but determining their precise orbits is difficult. [153] Old comets whose volatiles have mostly been driven out by solar warming are often categorised as asteroids. [154] Trans-Neptunian region Distribution and size of trans-Neptunian objects. The horizontal axis stand for the semi-major axis of the body, the vertical axis stands for the inclination of the orbit, and the size of the circle stands for the relative size of the object. Size comparison of some large TNOs with Earth: Pluto and its moons, Eris, Makemake, Haumea, Sedna, Gonggong, Quaoar, Orcus, Salacia, and 2002 MS 4. a b c Delsanti, Audrey; Jewitt, David (2006). "The Solar System Beyond The Planets" (PDF). Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2007 . Retrieved 3 January 2007.

Greaves, Jane S. (7 January 2005). "Disks Around Stars and the Growth of Planetary Systems". Science. 307 (5706): 68–71. Bibcode: 2005Sci...307...68G. doi: 10.1126/science.1101979. PMID 15637266. S2CID 27720602. What are the characteristics of the Solar System that lead to the origins of life?". NASA Science (Big Questions). Archived from the original on 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2011. Plutoid chosen as name for Solar System objects like Pluto". Paris: International Astronomical Union. 11 June 2008. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008 . Retrieved 11 June 2008. There are an unknown number of smaller dwarf planets and innumerable small bodies orbiting the Sun. [d] These objects are distributed in the asteroid belt that lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, the Kuiper belt, the scattered disc that lies beyond Neptune's orbit and at even further reaches of the Solar System (in which case they are classified as extreme trans-Neptunian objects). There is consensus among astronomers on the classification of the following nine objects as dwarf planets: the asteroid Ceres, the Kuiper-belt objects Pluto, Orcus, Haumea, Quaoar, and Makemake, and the scattered-disc objects Gonggong, Eris, and Sedna. [d] Many small-body populations, including comets, centaurs and interplanetary dust clouds, freely travel between the regions of the Solar System. First observation of an extrasolar planet ( exoplanet) round Van Maanen 2 although it is not recognised as such at the time.With a few exceptions, the farther a planet or belt is from the Sun, the larger the distance between its orbit and the orbit of the next nearest object to the Sun. For example, Venus is approximately 0.33 AU farther out from the Sun than Mercury, whereas Saturn is 4.3 AU out from Jupiter, and Neptune lies 10.5 AU out from Uranus. Attempts have been made to determine a relationship between these orbital distances, like the Titius–Bode law [57] and Johannes Kepler's model based on the Platonic solids, [58] but ongoing discoveries have invalidated these hypotheses. [59] Lewis, John S., ed. (2004). Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System (2nded.). Elsevier. p.147. ISBN 978-0-124-46744-6. OCLC 475009299.

The Solar System will remain roughly as it is known today until the hydrogen in the core of the Sun has been entirely converted to helium, which will occur roughly 5billion years from now. This will mark the end of the Sun's main-sequence life. At that time, the core of the Sun will contract with hydrogen fusion occurring along a shell surrounding the inert helium, and the energy output will be greater than at present. The outer layers of the Sun will expand to roughly 260 times its current diameter, and the Sun will become a red giant. Because of its increased surface area, the surface of the Sun will be cooler (2,600K (2,330°C; 4,220°F) at its coolest) than it is on the main sequence. [20] Overview of the evolution of the Sun, a G-type main-sequence star. 12 billion years after being formed by the Solar System's protoplanetary disk, the Sun will expand to become a red giant; Mercury, Venus and possibly the Earth will be swallowed.The reason why it is BEAM (2016) rather than Genesis I (2006) is that BEAM was specifically designed for human habitation and was attached to the ISS, while Genesis I and Genesis II (2007) were technology demonstration prototypes for future space habitats.