Super Cool Creations Lightning Bolt Mirrors - 35cm x 25cm

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Goulde, R.H. (1977) "The lightning conductor", pp. 545–576 in Lightning Protection, R.H. Golde, Ed., Lightning, Vol. 2, Academic Press.

Thunder is heard as a rolling, gradually dissipating rumble because the sound from different portions of a long stroke arrives at slightly different times. [133] The induced separation of charge in pure liquid water has been known since the 1840s as has the electrification of pure liquid water by the triboelectric effect. [16] Airplane contrails have also been observed to influence lightning to a small degree. The water vapor-dense contrails of airplanes may provide a lower resistance pathway through the atmosphere having some influence upon the establishment of an ionic pathway for a lightning flash to follow. [131]

Sympathetic lightning is the tendency of lightning to be loosely coordinated across long distances. Discharges can appear in clusters when viewed from space. [102] [103] [104] [ clarification needed] The rapidly changing currents also create electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) that radiate outward from the ionic channel. This is a characteristic of all electrical discharges. The radiated pulses rapidly weaken as their distance from the origin increases. However, if they pass over conductive elements such as power lines, communication lines, or metallic pipes, they may induce a current which travels outward to its termination. The surge current is inversely related to the surge impedance: the higher in impedance, the lower the current. [69] This is the surge that, more often than not, results in the destruction of delicate electronics, electrical appliances, or electric motors. Devices known as surge protectors (SPD) or transient voltage surge suppressors (TVSS) attached in parallel with these lines can detect the lightning flash's transient irregular current, and, through alteration of its physical properties, route the spike to an attached earthing ground, thereby protecting the equipment from damage. Lightning Activity in Singapore". National Environmental Agency. 2002. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007 . Retrieved September 24, 2007.

R. I. Albrecht; S. J. Goodman; W. A. Petersen; D. E. Buechler; E. C. Bruning; R. J. Blakeslee; H. J. Christian. "The 13 years of TRMM Lightning Imaging Sensor: From individual flash characteristics to decadal tendencies" (PDF). NASA Technical Reports Server . Retrieved November 23, 2022.The charge carrier in lightning is mainly electrons in a plasma. [22] The process of going from charge as ions (positive hydrogen ion and negative hydroxide ion) associated with liquid water or solid water to charge as electrons associated with lightning must involve some form of electro-chemistry, that is, the oxidation and/or the reduction of chemical species. [23] As hydroxide functions as a base and carbon dioxide is an acidic gas, it is possible that charged water clouds in which the negative charge is in the form of the aqueous hydroxide ion, interact with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form aqueous carbonate ions and aqueous hydrogen carbonate ions. Despite the popular misconception that these [ clarification needed] are positive lightning strikes due to them seemingly originating from the positive charge region, observations have shown that these are in fact negative flashes. They begin as IC flashes within the cloud, the negative leader then exits the cloud from the positive charge region before propagating through clear air and striking the ground some distance away. [79] [80]

Haby, Jeff. "What is heat lightning?". theweatherprediction.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016 . Retrieved May 11, 2009.Another witness, known as RavenWolf, took some photos of the cloud and said: "The storm had no sound and we spotted outer strange anomalies in the sky as well. The object you see must be solid because the lightning is not making it look transparent like the clouds." Thomson, E. M.; Uman, M. A.; Beasley, W. H. (January 1985). "Speed and current for lightning stepped leaders near ground as determined from electric field records". Journal of Geophysical Research. 90 (D5): 8136. Bibcode: 1985JGR....90.8136T. doi: 10.1029/JD090iD05p08136. The best-studied and understood form of lightning is cloud to ground (CG) lightning. Although more common, intra-cloud (IC) and cloud-to-cloud (CC) flashes are very difficult to study given there are no "physical" points to monitor inside the clouds. Also, given the very low probability of lightning striking the same point repeatedly and consistently, scientific inquiry is difficult even in areas of high CG frequency. A lightning strike from cloud to ground in the Mojave Desert, California An intra-cloud flash. A lightning flash within the cloud illuminates the entire cloud. Lightning leaders A downward leader travels towards earth, branching as it goes. Lightning strike caused by the connection of two leaders, positive shown in blue and negative in red

Williams went to 200,000 guineas to buy the son of Danehill Dancer at the Tattersalls sales in October 2006, and set about preparing the chestnut for a career over hurdles.

Girl, 16, who was struck by lightning while hunting with her father DIES of her injuries

General considerations Four-second video of a lightning strike, Island in the Sky, Canyonlands National Park, Utah, United States.