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Nicotine comes from the Nicotiana species, which are tobacco plants and part of the nightshade family. Tobacco plants originated in South America before spreading to North America, Africa, and Australia.

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Normal between-cigarettes discontinuation, in unrestricted smokers, causes mild but measurable nicotine withdrawal symptoms. [33] These include mildly worse mood, stress, anxiety, cognition, and sleep, all of which briefly return to normal with the next cigarette. [33] Smokers have a worse mood than they typically would have if they were not nicotine-dependent; they experience normal moods only immediately after smoking. [33] Nicotine dependence is associated with poor sleep quality and shorter sleep duration among smokers. [96] [97] a b c d e f g Parrott AC (April 2003). "Cigarette-derived nicotine is not a medicine". The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 4 (2): 49–55. doi: 10.3109/15622970309167951. PMID 12692774. S2CID 26903942. By binding to ganglion type nicotinic receptors in the adrenal medulla, nicotine increases flow of adrenaline (epinephrine), a stimulating hormone and neurotransmitter. By binding to the receptors, it causes cell depolarization and an influx of calcium through voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium triggers the exocytosis of chromaffin granules and thus the release of epinephrine (and norepinephrine) into the bloodstream. The release of epinephrine (adrenaline) causes an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration, as well as higher blood glucose levels. [141] Pharmacokinetics [ edit ] Urinary metabolites of nicotine, quantified as average percentage of total urinary nicotine [142] The amount of nicotine absorbed by the body from smoking can depend on many factors, including the types of tobacco, whether the smoke is inhaled, and whether a filter is used. However, it has been found that the nicotine yield of individual products has only a small effect (4.4%) on the blood concentration of nicotine, [145] suggesting "the assumed health advantage of switching to lower-tar and lower-nicotine cigarettes may be largely offset by the tendency of smokers to compensate by increasing inhalation".Nestler EJ (December 2012). "Transcriptional mechanisms of drug addiction". Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience. 10 (3): 136–43. doi: 10.9758/cpn.201

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This section needs expansionwith: [75] "Cardiac adverse effects of nicotine replacement therapy". Prescrire International. 24 (166): 292–3. December 2015. PMID 26788573. . You can help by adding to it. ( January 2019)Nicotine was often compared to caffeine in advertisements in the 1980s by the tobacco industry, and later in the 2010s by the electronic cigarettes industry, in an effort to reduce the stigmatization and the public perception of the risks associated with nicotine use. [194] Research [ edit ] Central nervous system [ edit ] Nausea, dyspepsia, flatulence, headache, upper respiratory tract infections, irritation (i.e., a burning sensation), hiccups, sore throat, coughing, dry lips, and oral mucosal ulceration.

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Nicotine is highly addictive. [18] [19] [20] Slow-release forms (gums and patches, when used correctly) are less addictive and aid in quitting. [21] [22] [23] [24] Animal research suggests that monoamine oxidase inhibitors present in tobacco smoke may enhance nicotine's addictive properties. [25] [26] An average cigarette yields about 2mg of absorbed nicotine. [27] Nicotine is a substance found in all tobacco products and some e-cigarette liquids. It is a highly addictive substance found in the tobacco plant. Laboratories can also produce nicotine synthetically. a b c d e f g h i j "Nicotine". United States National Library of Medicine– Toxicology Data Network. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. 20 August 2009.England LJ, Bunnell RE, Pechacek TF, Tong VT, McAfee TA (August 2015). "Nicotine and the Developing Human: A Neglected Element in the Electronic Cigarette Debate". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 49 (2): 286–293. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.015. PMC 4594223. PMID 25794473. Fagerström K (December 2014). "Nicotine: Pharmacology, Toxicity and Therapeutic use" (PDF). Journal of Smoking Cessation. 9 (2): 53–59. doi: 10.1017/jsc.2014.27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022 . Retrieved 6 December 2020. Douglas CE, Henson R, Drope J, Wender RC (July 2018). "The American Cancer Society public health statement on eliminating combustible tobacco use in the United States". CA. 68 (4): 240–245. doi: 10.3322/caac.21455. PMID 29889305. S2CID 47016482. It is the smoke from combustible tobacco products—not nicotine—that injures and kills millions of smokers. adults and children over 12 years of age – although children under 18 should not use the lozenges without getting medical advice first

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NRT is a medicine that provides you with a low level of nicotine, without the tar, carbon monoxide and other poisonous chemicals present in tobacco smoke. NRT may include nicotine patches, sprays, lozenges, or gum. FDA-approved NRTs are the least harmful types of nicotine products. Medications Lavoie FW, Harris TM (1991). "Fatal nicotine ingestion". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 9 (3): 133–136. doi: 10.1016/0736-4679(91)90318-a. PMID 2050970. Immune cells of both the innate immune system and adaptive immune systems frequently express the α 2, α 5, α 6, α 7, α 9, and α 10 subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. [199] Evidence suggests that nicotinic receptors which contain these subunits are involved in the regulation of immune function. [199] Optopharmacology [ edit ]Barua RS, Rigotti NA, Benowitz NL, Cummings KM, Jazayeri MA, Morris PB, etal. (December 2018). "2018 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Tobacco Cessation Treatment: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 72 (25): 3332–3365. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.027. PMID 30527452.