Janeway's Immunobiology

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Antigen recognition leads ultimately to the induction of new gene synthesis by activating transcription factors These practical triumphs led to a search for vaccination’s mechanism of protection and to the development of the science of immunology. Genetic factors contribute to the development of IgE-mediated allergy, but environmental factors may also be important Casey Weaver is the Wyatt and Susan Haskell Professor of Medical Excellence in the Department of Pathology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine. He received his MD degree from the University of Florida. His residency and post-doctoral training were completed at Barnes Hospital and Washington University in St. Louis.

An adaptive immune response is initiated when circulating T cells encounter their corresponding antigen in draining lymphoid tissues and become activatedImmature B cells that bind self antigens undergo further receptor rearrangement, or die, or are inactivated Some peptides and lipids generated in the endocytic pathway can be bound by MHC class I-like molecules that are encoded outside the MHC

Activation of macrophages by armed T H1 cells promotes microbial killing and must be tightly regulated to avoid This advance enabled the World Health Organization to announce in 1979 that smallpox had been eradicated (Fig. 1.2), arguably the greatest triumph of modern medicine. The initial interaction of T cells with antigen-presenting cells is mediated by cell-adhesion molecules Natural killer cells are activated by interferons and macrophage-derived cytokines to serve as an early defense against certain intracellular infectionsComplement control proteins regulate all three pathways of complement activation and protect the host from its destructive effects Dominant immune suppression can be demonstrated in models of tolerance and can affect the course of autoimmune disease A T-cell receptor recognizes antigen in the form of a complex of a foreign peptide bound to an MHC molecule

Macrophages are scavenger cells that can be induced by pathogens to present foreign antigens to naive T cells Both specific ligand and co-stimulatory signals provided by an antigen-presenting cell are required for the clonal expansion of naive T cells Stages in B-cell development are distinguished by the expression of immunoglobulin chains and particular cell-surface proteins Peptides are stably bound to MHC molecules, and also serve to stabilize the MHC molecule on the cell surface It was soon clear that specific antibodies could be induced against a vast range of substances, called antigens because they could stimulate antibody generation.The terminal complement proteins polymerize to form pores in membranes that can kill certain pathogens Sophisticated means of host defense were hard-wired in the genome by the time organisms diverged into plants and animals Activated CD8 T cells and some CD4 effector T cells express Fas ligand, which can also activate apoptosis HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4 T cells, increased susceptibility to opportunistic infection, and eventually to death