A History of Language

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Capone, Nina C.; McGregor, Karla K. (2004). "Gesture Development". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 47 (1): 173–86. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015). PMID 15072537. S2CID 7244799. In humans, functional MRI studies have reported finding areas homologous to the monkey mirror neuron system in the inferior frontal cortex, close to Broca's area, one of the language regions of the brain. This has led to suggestions that human language evolved from a gesture performance/understanding system implemented in mirror neurons. Mirror neurons have been said to have the potential to provide a mechanism for action-understanding, imitation-learning, and the simulation of other people's behavior. [104] This hypothesis is supported by some cytoarchitectonic homologies between monkey premotor area F5 and human Broca's area. [105] Proponents of the motor theory of language evolution have primarily focused on the visual domain and communication through observation of movements. The Tool-use sound hypothesis suggests that the production and perception of sound also contributed substantially, particularly incidental sound of locomotion ( ISOL) and tool-use sound ( TUS). [102] Human bipedalism resulted in rhythmic and more predictable ISOL. That may have stimulated the evolution of musical abilities, auditory working memory, and abilities to produce complex vocalizations, and to mimic natural sounds. [103] Since the human brain proficiently extracts information about objects and events from the sounds they produce, TUS, and mimicry of TUS, might have achieved an iconic function. The prevalence of sound symbolism in many extant languages supports this idea. Self-produced TUS activates multimodal brain processing ( motor neurons, hearing, proprioception, touch, vision), and TUS stimulates primate audiovisual mirror neurons, which is likely to stimulate the development of association chains. Tool use and auditory gestures involve motor-processing of the forelimbs, which is associated with the evolution of vertebrate vocal communication. The production, perception, and mimicry of TUS may have resulted in a limited number of vocalizations or protowords that were associated with tool use. [102] A new way to communicate about tools, especially when out of sight, would have had selective advantage. A gradual change in acoustic properties, meaning, or both could have resulted in arbitrariness and an expanded repertoire of words. Humans have been increasingly exposed to TUS over millions of years, coinciding with the period during which spoken language evolved. Medieval Muslim scholars also developed theories on the origin of language. [38] [39] Their theories were of five general types: [40] a b Dunbar, R. I. M. (1996). Grooming, gossip and the evolution of language. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 9780571173969. OCLC 34546743.

History of Language - How Language Developed Through History History of Language - How Language Developed Through History

Based on computer simulations used to evaluate that evolution of language that resulted in showing three stages in the evolution of syntax, Neanderthals are thought to have been in stage 2, showing they had something more evolved than proto-language but not quite as complex as the language of modern humans. [192]

What Is Linguistic History?

Buchsbaum, Bradley R.; D'Esposito, Mark (May 2008). "The Search for the Phonological Store: From Loop to Convolution". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 20 (5): 762–778. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20501. ISSN 0898-929X. PMID 18201133. S2CID 17878480. Two possible scenarios have been proposed for the development of language, [92] one of which supports the gestural theory:

The Origins and the Evolution of Language | The Oxford

Marslen-Wilson, W. (1973). "Linguistic structure and speech shadowing at very short latencies". Nature. 244 (5417): 522–523. Bibcode: 1973Natur.244..522M. doi: 10.1038/244522a0. PMID 4621131. S2CID 4220775. Byrne, Richard W.; Whiten, Andrew. (1988). Machiavellian intelligence: social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852175-4. OCLC 17260831.

12. People that drive without using their blinker.

Trivers, R. L. (1971). "The evolution of reciprocal altruism". Quarterly Review of Biology. 46: 35–57. doi: 10.1086/406755. S2CID 19027999. Zahavi, A. and A. Zahavi 1997. The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece in Darwin's Puzzle. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190284589 In one particular study, rats and pigeons were required to press a button a certain number of times to get food. The animals showed very accurate distinction for numbers less than four, but as the numbers increased, the error rate increased. [150] In another, the primatologist Tetsuro Matsuzawa attempted to teach chimpanzees Arabic numerals. [158] The difference between primates and humans in this regard was very large, as it took the chimps thousands of trials to learn 1–9, with each number requiring a similar amount of training time; yet, after learning the meaning of 1, 2 and 3 (and sometimes 4), children (after the age of 5.5 to 6) easily comprehend the value of greater integers by using a successor function (i.e. 2 is 1 greater than 1, 3 is 1 greater than 2, 4 is 1 greater than 3; once 4 is reached it seems most children suddenly understand that the value of any integer n is 1 greater than the previous integer). [159] Put simply, other primates learn the meaning of numbers one by one, similar to their approach to other referential symbols, while children first learn an arbitrary list of symbols (1, 2, 3, 4...) and then later learn their precise meanings. [160] These results can be seen as evidence for the application of the "open-ended generative property" of language in human numeral cognition. [150] Linguistic structures [ edit ] Lexical-phonological principle [ edit ] Chomsky, Noam (2011). "Language and Other Cognitive Systems. What is Special About Language?". Language Learning and Development. 7 (4): 263–78. doi: 10.1080/15475441.2011.584041. S2CID 122866773. Gow, David W. (June 2012). "The cortical organization of lexical knowledge: A dual lexicon model of spoken language processing". Brain and Language. 121 (3): 273–288. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.03.005. ISSN 0093-934X. PMC 3348354. PMID 22498237.

How Did Language Begin? | Linguistic Society of America

Nonhuman primates can use gestures or symbols for at least primitive communication, and some of their gestures resemble those of humans, such as the "begging posture", with the hands stretched out, which humans share with chimpanzees. [85] [86] Critics of the theory include Noam Chomsky, who terms it the "non-existence" hypothesis—a denial of the very existence of language as an object of study for natural science. [64] Chomsky's own theory is that language emerged in an instant and in perfect form, [65] prompting his critics in turn, to retort that only something that does not exist—a theoretical construct or convenient scientific fiction—could possibly emerge in such a miraculous way. [18] The controversy remains unresolved. Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1987). Introduction to the work of Marcel Mauss. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. pp.59–60. ISBN 0-7100-9066-8.

27. When people text using that stupid "voice text" function.

Grammaticalisation theorists picture early language as simple, perhaps consisting only of nouns. [137] p.111 Even under that extreme theoretical assumption, however, it is difficult to imagine what would realistically have prevented people from using, say, "spear" as if it were a verb ("Spear that pig!"). People might have used their nouns as verbs or their verbs as nouns as occasion demanded. In short, while a noun-only language might seem theoretically possible, grammaticalisation theory indicates that it cannot have remained fixed in that state for any length of time. [135] [139]

A History Of Language A History Of Language

Jardri, Renaud; Houfflin-Debarge, Véronique; Delion, Pierre; Pruvo, Jean-Pierre; Thomas, Pierre; Pins, Delphine (April 2012). "Assessing fetal response to maternal speech using a noninvasive functional brain imaging technique". International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 30 (2): 159–161. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.11.002. ISSN 0736-5748. PMID 22123457. S2CID 2603226.

8. The types of candy and food that are popular during Halloween time are candy corn, caramel apples and many other fun foods.

Revelationist: Language was gifted to humans by God, and it was thus God—and not humans—who named everything. a b Knight, Chris (2010). Ulrich J Frey; Charlotte Störmer; Kai P Willführ (eds.). The origins of symbolic culture (PDF). pp.193–211. ISBN 978-3-642-12141-8. OCLC 639461749. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help) a b Arbib MA; Liebal, K; Pika, S (December 2008). "Primate vocalization, gesture, and the evolution of human language". Current Anthropology. 49 (6): 1053–63, discussion 1063–76. doi: 10.1086/593015. PMID 19391445. S2CID 18832100. a b Arensburg, B.; Tillier, A. M.; Vandermeersch, B.; Duday, H.; Schepartz, L. A.; Rak, Y. (1989). "A Middle Palaeolithic human hyoid bone". Nature. 338 (6218): 758–760. Bibcode: 1989Natur.338..758A. doi: 10.1038/338758a0. PMID 2716823. S2CID 4309147. Smith, J.Maynard (1994). "Must reliable signals always be costly?". Animal Behaviour. 47 (5): 1115–1120. doi: 10.1006/anbe.1994.1149. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 54274718.