God's Wolf: The Life of the Most Notorious of All Crusaders, Reynald de Chatillon

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In Antiquity, the she-wolf was identified as a symbol of Rome by both the Romans themselves and nations under the Roman rule. The Lupa Romana was an iconic scene that represented in the first place the idea of romanitas, being Roman. When it was used in the Roman Provinces, it can be seen as an expression of loyalty to Rome and the emperor. [32] Often we see Odin, the all-father of Norse mythology, shown with two ravens; however, when Odin is not accompanied by his large corvid friends he is flanked by two great wolves named Geri and Freki. The mention of Odin’s wolves comes from the Prose and Poetic Edda. Their characters in the Poetic and Prose Edda demonstrate a warrior quality, in particular a greed for blood and corpses. The names Geri and Freki are translated to be “greedy” and “the ravenous one”. They are destruction that makes way for creation. Jīnshén — Gold God, often identified as the 秋神 Qiūshén — Autumn God, and personified as Rùshōu ( 蓐收)

In the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning (chapter 38), the enthroned figure of High explains that Odin gives all of the food on his table to his wolves Geri and Freki and that Odin requires no food, for wine is to him both meat and drink. High then quotes the above-mentioned stanza from the poem Grímnismál in support. [11] In chapter 75 of the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál a list of names for wargs and wolves is provided that includes both Geri and Freki. [12] Shénnóng — Peasant God, the patron of humanity ( 人皇 Rénhuáng), identified as Yándì ( 炎帝 "Flame Deity" or "Fiery Deity"), a divine man said to have taught the techniques of farming, herbal medicine, and marketing. He is often represented as a human with horns and other features of an ox. [56] The mid-11th century Gosforth Cross, located in Cumbria, England, has been described as depicting a combination of scenes from the Christian Judgement Day and the pagan Ragnarök. [34] The cross features various figures depicted in Borre style, including a man with a spear facing a monstrous head, one of whose feet is thrust into the beast's forked tongue and on its lower jaw, while a hand is placed against its upper jaw, a scene interpreted as Víðarr fighting Fenrir. [34] This depiction has been theorized as a metaphor for Christ's defeat of Satan. [38] Ledberg stone [ edit ] The Ledberg stone in Sweden Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-51696-7.L. David Mech & Luigi Boitani (2001). Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. p.448. ISBN 0-226-51696-2.

In Taiyuan, Liu Heng, the fifth emperor of the Western Han dynasty, is worshipped as the Dragon King. This is because Liu Heng once served as the Prince of Dai of the area and was welcomed by the local people. Every year, local villagers hold a sacrifice to him on the Longtaitou Festival. [64] [65] Xiwangmu ( 西王母 "Queen Mother of the West"), [ii] identified with the Kunlun Mountain, shamanic inspiration, death, and immortality. [50] [51] She is the dark, chthonic goddess, pure yin, at the same time terrifying and benign, both creation and destruction, associated with the tiger and weaving. [52] Her male counterpart is Dongwanggong ( 東王公 "King Duke of the East"; [iii] also called Mugong, 木公 "Duke of the Woods"), [53] who represents the yang principle. [52] Cailleach is known as the divine Old Woman and is frequently the personification of Winter in Scotland and Ireland. There are many places named for the Cailleach and her name still exists in traditions and fairy tales, particularly in the Winter season. Interestingly, she was once also closely linked to wolves, before wolves went extinct in Scotland and Ireland. Being that Cailleach has the power to create and destroy, just like Winter, she was also a guardian of wolves. A creature that also holds birth and death in its claws. 14. Flidais: The Celtic Woodland Guardian Binding Fate – Assassin's Creed Valhalla Wiki Guide". IGN. 30 April 2020. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022 . Retrieved 31 May 2022.In the Book of Yeshayahu (Isaiah) (11:6), the prophet predicts that in the utopian Messianic Age, "The wolf shall dwell with the lamb, The leopard lie down with the kid; The calf, the beast of prey, and the fatling together, With a little boy to herd them." [59] Dronke, Ursula (Trans.) (1997). The Poetic Edda: Volume II: Mythological Poems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-811181-9.

Lagerwey, John; Kalinowski, Marc, eds. (2008). Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC-220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9004168350. The Christian symbolism where the wolf represents the devil, or evil, being after the "sheep" who are the living faithful, is found frequently in western literature. Tian is both transcendent and immanent, manifesting in the three forms of dominance, destiny, and nature of things. In the Wujing yiyi ( 五經異義, "Different Meanings in the Five Classics"), Xu Shen explains that the designation of Heaven is quintuple: [33] Kusmina, Elena Efimovna (2007). The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. Brill. ISBN 978-0521299442 . Retrieved February 13, 2015.Qīngyīshén — Bluegreen-Clad God: his name as a human was 蠶叢 Cáncóng — Silkworm Twig, and he is the first ruler and ancestor of the Shu state, and promoter of sericulture among his people

The wolf is a national symbol of Chechnya. [5] According to folklore, the Chechens are "born of a she-wolf", as included in the central line in the national myth. [5] The "lone wolf" symbolizes strength, independence and freedom. [5] A proverb about the teips (clans) is "equal and free like wolves". [6] Indo-European [ edit ] Romulus and Remus nursed by the She-wolf (c. 1616), Peter Paul Rubens Mexican wolves were importantly symbolic in Teotihuacan and other Pre-Columbian Mexican cultures. They were considered representative of the Sun, war, and the god Xolotl. [55] Abrahamic traditions [ edit ] Judaism [ edit ] Tallerico, Brian. "Wolfwalkers movie review & film summary (2020) | Roger Ebert". www.rogerebert.com/ . Retrieved 2023-09-09. Valadez, Raúl; Rodriguez, Bernardo; Rosa Manzanilla, Linda; Tejeda, Samuel (2002). "Dog-wolf Hybrid Biotype Reconstruction from the Archaeological City of Teotihuacan in Prehispanic Central Mexico". 9th ICAZ Conference, Durham, 2002: Dogs and People in Social, Working, Economic, or Symbolic Interaction: 121–133.Benjamin Thorpe translation: Geri and Freki the war-wont sates, the triumphant sire of hosts; but on wine only the famed in arms, Odin, ever lives. [6] Mika Rissanen. "Was There a Taboo on Killing Wolves in Rome?". Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica. Fabrizio Serra Editore . Retrieved 2016-03-28. MacLeod, Mindy; Mees, Bernard (2006). Runic Amulets and Magic Objects. Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-205-4. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023 . Retrieved 23 September 2016. Adolf, derived from the Old High German Athalwolf, a composition of athal, or adal, meaning noble, and wolf; its Anglo-Saxon cognate is Æthelwulf. Bloomfield, Maurice (1908) "Cerberus" in: Hastings, James (Ed.) Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. 5. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.