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The transverse part is composed of the middle fibers of trapezius, that originate from the nuchal ligament of the spinous processes of vertebrae C1-C6, and spinous processes and supraspinous ligaments of vertebrae C7-T3. These fibers pass horizontally to insert onto the medial acromial margin and the superior crest of the scapular spine. Striations in cardiac muscle are not as defined as those seen in skeletal muscle as they are slightly obscured by relatively large amounts of mitochondria and other organelles present in the cell (reflecting the higher metabolic demands of this tissue compared with skeletal muscle). Cardiomyocytes are connected at their ends by specialized junctional complexes known as intercalated discs; these serve to functionally couple all cardiomyocytes, thus allowing rapid propagation of signals for contraction across the heart muscle tissue. In light microscopy, they are identified as dark staining, irregularly arranged short lines which cross the cardiac muscle tissue, perpendicular to the fiber direction. The ascending part is composed of the inferior fibers of trapezius, that originate from the supraspinous ligaments and spinous processes of the vertebrae T4-T12. These fibers pass upwards and laterally to insert onto the lateral apex of the medial end of the scapular spine. The inferior part arises from the anterior surface of bodies of vertebrae T1-T3 and inserts into the anterior tubercles of transverse processes of vertebrae C5-C6.
Kayalioglu, Gulgun (1 January 2009), Watson, Charles; Paxinos, George; Kayalioglu, Gulgun (eds.), "Chapter 4 - The Spinal Nerves", The Spinal Cord, San Diego: Academic Press, pp.37–56, doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374247-6.50008-0, ISBN 978-0-12-374247-6
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At its most basic level, muscle tissue is classified as either striated or non-striated/smooth based on the presence or absence of ‘striations’ (i.e. stripes/furrows) seen at a microscopic level; these are formed due to a particular arrangement of actin and myosin filaments within the myocyte (discussed below). Skeletal muscle is found in many sizes and various shapes. The small muscles of the eye may contain only a few hundred myocytes/muscle fibers, while the vastus lateralis muscle of the thigh may contain hundreds of thousands of myocytes. Unipennate, in which the fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon, as in the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the leg; Ellis, Harold; Susan Standring; Gray, Henry David (2005). Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. pp. 538–539. ISBN 0-443-07168-3. The function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle depends on whether the muscle acts alone or together with its contralateral counterpart.
All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. Kenhub does not provide medical advice. You can learn more about our content creation and review standards by reading our content quality guidelines. The function of the anterior scalene muscle depends on its point of action and whether the muscle acts alone or together with its contralateral counterpart. In a pennate pattern, the fascicles are short and they attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle. Pennate muscles are of three forms:
Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. R. (2014). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. The trapezius muscle is innervated by the accessory nerve (CN XI). Its blood supply stems from branches of the occipital, superficial cervical, transverse cervical and dorsal scapular arteries. It is a group of inherited diseases in which the muscles that control movement progressively weaken. The prefix, dys-, means abnormal, while the root, -trophy, refers to maintaining normal nourishment, structure and function. The most common form in children is called Duchenne muscular dystrophy and affects only males. It usually appears between the ages of 2 to 6 and the afflicted live typically into late teens to early 20s. Multifidus cervicis, that arises from the articular processes of vertebrae C4-C7 and inserts onto the spinous processes of vertebrae 2-5 levels above the origin. The nerve supply to the omohyoid is provided by the ansa cervicalis. Its blood supply stems from the superior thyroid branch of the external carotid artery, and inferior thyroid branch of the thyrocervical trunk.
The digastric muscle is a small muscle situated below the mandible, that extends from the mastoid process of temporal bone to the chin. The muscle is composed of a posterior and an anterior belly, connected by an intermediate tendon, which represents their common insertion point. The infrahyoid muscles function to elevate and depress the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speech. [6] This moves the larynx as one unit. [7] See also [ edit ]Fascicles or bundles (group of muscle fibres) of skeletal muscles can be arranged into four basic structural pattern, circular, parallel, convergent, and pennate. This difference in fascicular arrangement also accounts for the different shapes and functional capabilities of various skeletal muscles. M.H. Stone, M. Stone and W.A. Sands: Principles and Practice of Resistance Training, 1st edition, (2007), p. 175-182.
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