Romans at War: The Roman Military in the Republic and Empire

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Boudican revolt – Roman rule secured in Britain and submission of Celtic Britons ( Iceni and Trinovantes lost independence).

However, Roman interests wouldn't be served by a second expedition, becoming clear that certain fringes of the empire (like Nubia or Arabia) could not be won except at greater costs, being careful of further military adventures. In 179 BC Philip died [156] and his talented and ambitious son, Perseus of Macedon, took his throne and showed a renewed interest in Greece.In 136 and 135 BC, more attempts were made to gain complete control of the region of Numantia, but they failed.

Rome defeated the Lavinii and Tusculi in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC, [37] [39] [40] were defeated by the Veientes in the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC, [41] [42] defeated the Sabines in an unnamed battle in 449 BC, [39] the Aequi in the Battle of Mount Algidus in 458 BC, the Aequi and Volsci in 446 BC, [43] [44] in the Battle of Corbio, [45] in 446 BC the Aurunci in the Battle of Aricia, [46] the Capture of Fidenae in 435 BC [42] [47] and the Siege of Veii in 396 BC, [42] [45] [47] [48] and the Capture of Antium in 377 BC. Battle of Cannae – Hannibal destroys the main Roman army of Lucius Aemilius Paulus and Publius Terentius Varro in what is considered one of the great masterpieces of the tactical art. Sub-Saharan Roman expeditions-explorations Roman expeditions to Lake Chad and the Niger River (19 BC–90 AD): Roman expeditions (two in the western Sahara, two in the central Sahara, and one in the area of Lake Chad) to subdue warring tribes in the area (like the warlike nomadic tribe of the Garamantes who lived in the current region of Fezzan) or to achieve the elimination of taxes on the nomads of the Sahara and plan possible routes of conquest to Sub-Saharan Africa, or at least control the Trans-Saharan caravan routes and penetrate into the kingdoms of the pygmies.There were important defeats along the way but it is interesting to observe that commanders often escaped repercussions for their military incompetence and it was usually the soldiers who bore the blame for defeat. c. 509 BC – (legendary) Overthrow of the Roman monarchy [2] – According to the traditional account, Roman aristocrats expel Etruscan king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, abolish the Roman Kingdom and establish the Roman Republic.

BC, 22 June – Battle of Pydna – Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus defeat and capture Macedonian King Perseus. For the last forty years, archaeologists who are really like detectives, have been digging carefully through layers of soil, finding extraordinary evidence of the lives of the soldiers who once lived here. Commanders could hold (as Caesar himself did) a consilium or war council with their officers to present and discuss strategies for attack and utilise the experience of veteran campaigners. The Jugurthine War of 111–104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of Numidia and constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa, [163] after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain. BC – Battle of Longula – consul Lucius Aemilius Mamercus defeats the Volsci the day after his defeat in the Battle of Antium.Battle of Ravenna – The Germanic foederati led by Odoacer decisively defeated the Western Roman Empire and deposed Emperor Romulus Augustulus. From the 1st century BCE there was an increase in the use of battlefield fortifications and entrenchments and sieges. In 121 BC, Rome came into contact with the Celtic tribes of the Allobroges and the Arverni, both of which they defeated with apparent ease in the First Battle of Avignon near the Rhone river and the Second Battle of Avignon, the same year. Battle of Arelate – The Western Roman Emperor Majorian, with the support of Aegidius and Nepotianus, defeated the Visigoths at Arlate.