USN Creatine Anabolic all in One Creatine Amino Muscle Building Stack, Cherry, 900 g (Pack of 1)

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Creatine supplementation appears to be generally safe and potentially beneficial for children and adolescents. Rawson ES, Wehnert ML, Clarkson PM. Effects of 30 days of creatine ingestion in older men. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 1999;80:139–44. Polyviou TP, Pitsiladis YP, Lee WC, Pantazis T, Hambly C, Speakman JR, Malkova D. Thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses to creatine, glycerol and alpha lipoic acid in trained cyclists. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2012;9:29–9. Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME. Creatine: endogenous metabolite, dietary, and therapeutic supplement. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2007;27:241–61.

Bundey S, Crawley JM, Edwards JH, Westhead RA. Serum creatine kinase levels in pubertal, mature, pregnant, and postmenopausal women. J. Med. Genet. 1979;16:117–21.Kilduff LP, Georgiades E, James N, Minnion RH, Mitchell M, Kingsmore D, Hadjicharlambous M, Pitsiladis YP. The effects of creatine supplementation on cardiovascular, metabolic, and thermoregulatory responses during exercise in the heat in endurance-trained humans. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2004;14:443–60. Cannon JG, Orencole SF, Fielding RA, Meydani M, Meydani SN, Fiatarone MA, Blumberg JB, Evans WJ. Acute phase response in exercise: interaction of age and vitamin E on neutrophils and muscle enzyme release. Am. J. Physiol. 1990;259:1214.

Hausmann ON, Fouad K, Wallimann T, Schwab ME. Protective effects of oral creatine supplementation on spinal cord injury in rats. Spinal Cord. 2002;40:449–56. Tarnopolsky MA, Mahoney DJ, Vajsar J, Rodriguez C, Doherty TJ, Roy BD, Biggar D. Creatine monohydrate enhances strength and body composition in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neurology. 2004;62:1771–7. Harris RC, Soderlund K, Hultman E. Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clin. Sci. (Lond). 1992;83:367–74. Kreider RB. Effects of creatine supplementation on performance and training adaptations. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2003;244:89–94. DGC has received research grants and performed industry sponsored research involving creatine supplementation, received creatine donation for scientific studies and travel support for presentations involving creatine supplementation at scientific conferences. In addition, DGC serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for Alzchem (a company which manufactures creatine) and the editorial review board for the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition and is a sports science advisor to the ISSN. Furthermore, DGC has previously served as the Chief Scientific Officer for a company that sells creatine products.Creatine supplementation can increase functionality (e.g., strength, activities of daily living, delay fatigue) and muscle mass in older adults [ 9, 10, 19, 87, 95, 109, 110]. However, the literature indicates that creatine alone (that is, without a concomitant resistance training program) is unlikely to result in substantial gains in muscle strength and functional performance [ 95, 111, 112, 113], although it does improve some parameters of muscle fatigue [ 114, 115, 116]. Likewise, most studies failed to show a beneficial effect of chronic creatine supplementation alone (≥ 30 days) on lean mass [ 98, 99, 113, 114]. For instance, we recently showed that creatine supplementation was not able to increase lean mass in postmenopausal women who supplemented with creatine (3 g/day) for 2 years, suggesting that creatine supplementation without exercise may be ineffective to prevent sarcopenia [ 99]. It is likely that increases in lean mass occasionally attributed to creatine supplementation in short-term studies (e.g., 7 days) are explained by increased body water, since creatine is osmotically active and it can sometimes induce water retention.

Gotshalk LA, Volek JS, Staron RS, Denegar CR, Hagerman FC, Kraemer WJ. Creatine supplementation improves muscular performance in older men. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2002;34:537–43.

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Kraemer WJ, Volek JS. Creatine supplementation. Its role in human performance. Clin. Sports Med. 1999;18:651–66 ix. Chami J, Candow DG. Effect of Creatine Supplementation Dosing Strategies on Aging Muscle Performance. J. Nutr. Health Aging. 2019;23:281–5. Ribeiro AS, Avelar A, Kassiano W, Nunes JP, Schoenfeld BJ, Aguiar AF, Trindade MCC, Silva AM, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Creatine Supplementation Does Not Influence the Ratio Between Intracellular Water and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Resistance-Trained Men. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2020:1–7. Safdar A, Yardley NJ, Snow R, Melov S, Tarnopolsky MA. Global and targeted gene expression and protein content in skeletal muscle of young men following short-term creatine monohydrate supplementation. Physiol. Genomics. 2008;32:219–28. Smith-Ryan AE, Ryan ED, Fukuda DH, Costa PB, Cramer JT, Stout JR. The effect of creatine loading on neuromuscular fatigue in women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2014;46:990–7.