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After these two appearances, however, it seems that the production technology for Egyptian blue was lost (or extremely localised) and that there was almost a thousand years in which Egyptian blue dropped out of recorded art history. Essentially, it was forgotten. Why did this occur? The main reason was probably the decline of the Roman Empire, with the consequent loss of the necessary knowledge and technologies [21]. It seems that this was coupled with a misunderstanding arising over the method of manufacture described by Vitruvius in De Architectura in the first century BC. Vitrivius had made no specific mention of the need for calcium carbonate (lime), probably because the particular sand used in the samples available to him happened to have the right limestone content. With sand from elsewhere, however, the method he described was totally ineffective, and the knowledge was lost. The number of Chinese companies registered and operating in Egypt has reached more than 1,500 companies, with investments approaching one billion US dollars, and Chinese investments in Egypt provide approximately 30,000 direct job opportunities for Egyptians. Chinese investments are distributed in a number of sectors, including 702 companies in the industrial sector, 432 companies in the service sector, 70 companies in the construction sector, 79 companies in the communications and information technology sector, 47 companies in the agricultural sector, and 6 companies in the tourism sector. The Central Bank of Egypt also concluded a currency swap agreement with the People’s Bank (Central) of China in December 2017, with a total amount of 18 billion Chinese yuan against its equivalent in Egyptian pounds. Not sure how to make sense of this? Want to learn how to discern like a pro? Read this essential guide to discernment, analysis of claims, and understanding the truth in a world of deception: 4 Key Steps of Discernment – Advanced Truth-Seeking Tools. The Chinese State Construction and Engineering Company (CSCEC) is at work building the Central Business District of Egypt’s New Administrative Capital. To sign up for RSS updates, paste this link ( https://stillnessinthestorm.com/feed/) into the search field of your preferred RSS Reader or Service (such as Feedly or gReader).
Perfume and jewelry were appreciated and worn by both men and women, as were cosmetics. Egyptians of both sexes used kohl under their eyes to decrease sun glare and kyphi, the most popular Egyptian perfume, was regarded so highly it was burned as incense in the temples. Images of Egyptians with cones on their heads are depicting the use of kyphi in its cone form. It was composed of frankincense, myrrh, pine resin, and other ingredients and could be burned (as with the cones), applied to the skin, or used as toothpaste and mouthwash. Speaking about the Western perception of Chinese commercial activity in countries such as Egypt el-Dahshan stated: “A lot of established [Western] partners aren’t happy to see someone else competing with them in countries they consider to be their traditional homes.” Note: For other articles on art colours, see The Life and Death of Mummy Brownand Prussian Blue and its Partner in Crime.On Egypt, see The art of giraffe diplomacy and Lost masterpieces of ancient Egyptian art from the Nebamun tomb-chapel In this context, Egypt was proactive in its interaction with the initiative. We find that Egypt has presented the economic zone of the Suez Canal to the world as a logistic and economic center that contributes strongly and effectively to the development of international navigation, enhances global trade freedom, and opens up broad investment horizons in the fields of transport, energy, infrastructure and commercial services. To be the axis of the Suez Canal as a commercial, economic and humanitarian link, integrated with the “Belt and Road” initiative, and linking it with Africa. President Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi has confirmed that Egypt’s development priorities are consistent with the “Belt and Road” initiative, which aims to enhance trade and economic cooperation between the countries of the initiative, including Egypt, and to strengthen coordination among the member states of the initiative and work to increase interest in projects to connect facilities between these countries, and implement Policies that contribute to increasing trade and financial integration, in addition to increasing communication between peoples by promoting cultural exchange programs between the countries of the region. There is no doubt that the advanced level reached by Egyptian-Chinese economic relations is a true translation of President Sisi’s vision, which is based on transforming all international endeavors and relations in the interest of the Egyptian people. China’s presence continues to expand and it is branching out from the Mediterranean to the shores of Europe.A key issue not being discussed in the Chinese-Egyptian relationship is the persecution of Uighurs, the Turkic ethnic group and Muslim community in China’s northwest Xinjiang province.
This situation changed dramatically in the early 19th century. General and scientific interest in Egypt had already been piqued by the archaeological discoveries made by the Napoleon’s Egyptian expedition (see the Life and Death of Mummy Brown) and, in 1814, further research was spurred by the unearthing of a pot of mysterious “pale blue colour” at Pompeii, in the presence of the British chemist Humphrey Davy [22]. Eventually, in the 1880s, the chemical composition of the pigment was finally determined, and the mode of manufacture identified [23]. Thus, over the centuries, they have changed in Declination dramatically, causing them to rise and set at widely differing times. They retain their characteristic shape, however, because of their distance. Indeed, Western countries are probably even less likely to retrench in Egypt with a country such as China expanding its presence there.O’Connell, ER, “Pigment and power dressing in RomanEgypt” https://blog.britishmuseum.org/pigment-and-power-dressing-in-roman-egypt/ October 26, 2012. For other examples of detection through luminescence, see Verri,G, The use and distribution of Egyptian blue: a study by visible-induced luminescence imaging, in ed. K. Uprichard and A. Middleton, Conservation, scientific examination and re-display of the Nebamun wall paintings, Archetype, London, 2008; and Holly Lauridsen "'Digging'' for color: the search for Egyptian Blue in ancient reliefs, http://news.yale.edu/2014/05/05/digging-color-search-egyptian-blue-ancient-reliefs 5 May 2014.
Beijing continues to hold that it acts in the spirit of non-interference in countries like Egypt, but as tensions between China and the West escalate many are rethinking its claims to be a benign commercial partner. Tite, M S et al, (1984)“Technological examination of Egyptian blue” in Lambert JB (ed) Archaeological Chemistry 111, American Chemical Society, Washington 205-242.China’s not really good at status quo,” he said. At the very least, he sees Beijing “upping its presence politically and culturally in Egypt”. It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it.” – Aristotle
It is an understatement to say that Egyptian blue has had a chequered career -- originally the primary source of blue in a large part of the civilised world for three thousand years, then basically disappearing for another thousand, only to be rediscovered partly as a result of a chance finding. And today, with the revelation of its extraordinary and previously-unknown technical qualities, it appears set to be involved at the cutting edge of technological development. Egypt’s young population of more than 100 million certainly makes it a massive market for China in the Middle East. But some say Cairo could leverage its position better in this new relationship. Baraldi, P., Fagnano, C, Giordani, N., Pvoversi, P., and Tannini, P., 'Una testimonianza di blu egiziano nella Bologna del '500', poster presented at Archeometria e niondo classico (8a giornata su Le Scienze della Terra e I'Archeometria), Rome, Museo dell'Arte Glassica, 22-24 February 2001).Ten years ago, in September and October 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping put forward the Belt and Road Initiative during his visits to Indonesia and Kazakhstan. The “Belt and Road” initiative, which means (the economic belt of the Silk Road and the Maritime Silk Road for the twenty-first century), is one of the most important global development initiatives in the twenty-first century, and it is a development strategy within the framework of “development diplomacy” pursued by China. Based on the principle of “mutual benefit”, interdependence, cooperation and common interests among all countries of the world, it aims to build a network of trade and infrastructure linking Asia with Europe and Africa along the ancient trade routes of the Silk Road. While Western powers have called out Egypt over what they say are its human rights abuses, most recently in a joint statement from the UN Human Rights Council, there has been little in the way of concrete action.
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